Chapter 1
The role of genetic factors in personality is most clearly seen in
– Temperament
How many questions are on the final and how many points are they worth?
– 100 questions worth 1 point each
It is most important that a theory be
– Useful
According to the text, theories serve to
– organize the known and suggest new relationships to be found
How many Center for Civic Engagement hours are required in this class?
– 15
In general terms, the text suggests that the science of personality
– all of the above
According to the “toolkit” metaphor, which of the following can be categorized as “tools”
– all of the above
A unique feature of a course in personality psychology is that, unlike other courses, the focus is on
– The whole person
What is the last day to complete hours at the Center for Civic Engagement and turn in the paperwork to the CCE?
– November 22
Genetic research suggests that in different “racial” and ethnic human groups
– most of our genetic makeup is shared. i.e., is common to all groups
When entities are organized in such a manner that one entity is seen as an example of another, or as serving a purpose of the other, one calls this specific overall organization a
– structure
Those who emphasize the limits of family influence suggest that
– C) genes affect the selection of environments.
According to the “toolkit” metaphor, on what basis should we evaluate theories of personality?
– B) According to what they can accomplish with them, to what advantages they have over other theories, and to what “tools” could be added or subtracted to make them better.
Relative to one another in terms of level of organization and degree of abstraction, the following statement is true about the concepts of trait and type.
– B) The concept of trait suggests more organization and more abstraction than the concept of type.
Thoughts, feelings, and behavior make up the
The concepts of band-width and fidelity are analogous to characteristics of a
Goals, drives, and motives have been particularly central to aspect of personality theories.
“Units of analysis” refer to
- A) the basic variables of a given theory.
The phrase “nature versus nurture” refers to the study of
- A) genetic versus environmental influences.
The concept of reaction range suggests that the following set limits on personality development
Why are children from the same family so different?
The text suggests that
- B) theory is fundamental to the study of personality.
A clustering of traits is called a
The extreme views on whether the determinants of behavior are internal or external are represented by which pair of names?
How many of the weekly quizzes count toward the final grade?
Chapter 2
The use of ratings in personality research illustrates
Which of the following concepts suggests that the psychological experiment is a form of social interaction?
Steele’s research on stereotype threat demonstrated that stereotype threat processes
- A) impair performance.
Which of the following is not a feature of experimental research?
- D) All of the above are features of experimental research.
The question of whether different items on a test correlate with one another is a question of
The concept expressing the extent to which our observations are dependable and can be replicated is called
As discussed in the text, “fixed” measures are ones that
- C) are administered in the same way to all people.
The case of Clever Hans illustrates
- A) experimenter expectancy effects.
Manipulating one variable and observing its effects on another variable is characteristic of
- B) experimental research.
To obtain a detailed portrait of an individual, it would be best to use a(n) method)
A potential strength of experimental research is that it
- C) establishes causal relationships.
The effort to gain control over the variables of interest and establish if-then causal relationships is descriptive of which approach to research?
If a psychologist believed that people’s behavior is shaped largely by thoughts over which they have little control, that psychologist’s target for assessment would most likely be:
- D) unconscious mental events
Steele’s research on stereotype threat is an example of
An advantage of personality tests and questionnaires is that they
- C) provide for the study of many variables.
Anxiety about conforming to beliefs that others hold about a group of which you are a member is called:
Which of the following is not a characteristic distinctive of experimental research?
- D) all of the above are distinctive.
The use of records of past performance illustrates
- A) L-data
In comparison with case studies, correlational research typically
- B) involves quantitative relationships.
The question of whether a person gets the same score on a test if they take it twice is a question of
- D) test-retest reliability.
The term “function” in functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) refers to:
- A) a given task the person might be asked to do
The essence of scientific research is
- A) replicability of findings.
Subjects conforming to what they believe the experimenter expects most illustrates the problem of
- C) demand characteristics.
The ‘nun study’, discussed in the text, is an example of
- C) a correlational study.
Experimenter expectancy effects are illustrated by
- A) the case of Clever Hans. Chapter 3
The level of consciousness where we are able to be aware of phenomena if we direct our attention to them is
- B) preconscious.
According to Freud, scientific and artistic activities express the
If someone were to feel guilty about wanting to strike his father after being provoked, even though the action was never carried out, Freud would probably say that guilt was due to the action of which of the following?
The major contribution of Erikson’s view is
- B) the attention given to social-interpersonal factors in development.
According to Freud, aggression
- A) is an instinctual part of life.
Emotional relief gained through talking about one’s problems is covered under the concept of
What did Anna O call what became known as Catharsis?
- A) Chimney Sweeping
Id is to ego
- A) fantasy is to reality.
Psychoanalytic theory suggests that unconscious influences are found in
- A) out of character behavior.
During the phallic stage the aim is
- B) forepleasure and autoeroticism.
Which one of these events likely had an impact on Freud’s early childhood?
- B) The death of his brother
Which concept expresses a release of emotion following talking about one’s problems?
Guilt and self-condemnation reflect the functioning of
The overprotective mother who cannot allow into consciousness any hostility toward her children is using the defense mechanism of
In an experiment by Westen and Weinberger, participants judged a supposed political candidate less favorably if they had been subliminally primed with the word RATS than if they had been subliminally primed with other less negative words (e.g., STAR). Which of the following psychoanalytic concepts does this best illustrate?
- C) Unconscious processing
Which of the following is not a significant component of Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development?
- D) emphasized the “collective unconscious.”
Relative to those low on repression, repressors
- D) have trouble recalling negative emotions and early memories.
The symptom that caused Freud’s colleague to refer Anna O to him was
- C) a hysterical pregnancy that she claimed was the doctor’s baby.
Research on the later effects of early experiences shows evidence of
- A) continuities and discontinuities.
The defense mechanism in which the original object of gratification is replaced by a higher cultural goal is called
Which of the following is not descriptive of primary process thought?
- A) language of conscious.
The psychoanalytic structure that operates according to the pleasure principle is the
- A) id.
In examination of the operation of mechanisms of defense one can expect them to appear
- B) under conditions of threat.
The most important and difficult to demonstrate aspect of the unconscious is
- C) people keep memories and feelings out of awareness for motivated reasons
Research indicates that events of early childhood may leave an emotional memory that influences later functioning without the person having a conscious memory of the event. This is because a part of the brain, the amygdala, is involved at that point in time but prior to the development of more mature brain structures involved in memory, such as the hippocampus. This finding is
- A) Consistent with both psychoanalytic theory and cognitive science
Chapter 4
Freud felt that in the case of “Little Hans,” the phobia he developed of horses was mostly determined by
- B) conflicts associated with the Oedipal situation.
The character type possessing the characteristics of being demanding, envious, and impatient
According to psychoanalytic theory, somatic difficulties may result from
- C) the suppression of emotion.
It is surprising to learn that the cerebellum is implicated in attachment processing because the cerebellum is primarily involved in:
According to research by Schutter and van Honk (2009), among people with a(n) attachment style, interpersonal loss was associated with lower neural volume in the cerebellum, whereas among people with a more attachment style, interpersonal loss was associated with higher neural volume in the cerebellum.
Concerning the projective tests given to Jim, the text suggests that they
- B) captured the world of the irrational.
The process emphasized by analysts in therapy
A major contribution of Freud was
- A) the richness of observations.
According to research by Buchheim and colleagues (2009), if an individual with an insecure attachment style was given oxytocin, how would they likely respond?
- B) They would probably experience attachment-related emotions.
Freud believed a disguised expression of a repressed instinct to be a
The narcissistic personality type is associated with which stage of development?
Central to psychoanalytic treatment is
According to psychoanalytic theory, the critical aspect of psychopathology is
- B) conflict between wish and anxiety.
Which of the following is not a concept emphasized by Jung?
The TAT can be scored
Experimental findings support clinical research suggesting that narcissists
According to object relations theory, people are
Which theorist is most associated with an emphasis on peer relationships?
In psychoanalysis, which of the following involves the reenactment of old conflicts?
- A) transference neurosis.
The attachment behavioral system relates to the development of a
A distinctive aspect of the psychoanalytic view of psychosomatic disorders is that
- A) specific disorders are linked to specific emotional conflicts.
Which of the following is not a contributor to change in psychoanalysis?
- B) the superego helps in the control of the instincts.
Universal images or symbols are known as
What is the role of the self archetype, according to Jung?
- A) It is an unconscious force that motivates the individual to integrate the various opposing forces of the psyche.
Psychoanalytic treatment aims toward
- C) greater ego strength. Chapter 5
For Rogers, the highest authority is
- C) experience.
The concept of self-actualization
- C) has yet to be tied to an objective measure.
Rogers’ view of self-actualization includes
According to current research, recognition of the self
- B) is limited to humans and chimps.
According to Rogers, the basic tendency for humans is to strive for
In terms of his view of people, Rogers
- D) emphasizes positive tendencies.
According to Rogers, a discrepancy between perceived self and experience leads to a state of
The evaluation an individual makes and maintains with regard to the self is
For Rogers, defense occurs due to the threat of
- B) loss of positive regard.
Cartwright found subjects were better able to recall
- A) adjectives consistent with the self.
According to Coopersmith, which of the following is not a building block for high self-esteem in children?
- C) varying enforcement of rules.
The phenomenal approach emphasizes how
A measure of the self-concept used frequently by Rogers in his research is called
The person’s perceptions of the world make up the
- B) phenomenal field.
Which of the following is not part of the phenomenal field?
- D) all of the above.
Stephenson developed the
Efforts to maintain self-consistency have been demonstrated in relation to
Congruence is a synonym for
Research by D’Argembeau et al. (2010) confirmed the Rogerian prediction that the actual self and self are distinct structures of personality
Which of the following is not a phenomenological method?
- B) Thematic Apperception Test.
Which of the following is not a characteristic Rogerian emphasis?
Rogers’ concept for the experiencing of a stimulus without bringing it into awareness is
The psychoanalytic concept most relevant to that of self-actualization is
According to Rogers, the imposition of conditions of worth on children causes
- C) a rift between organism and self.
In terms of the potential for discovery of laws of personality, Rogers is
- A) optimistic. Chapter 6
Improvement in client-centered therapy has been found to be associated with
- C) lower self-ideal discrepancies.
What did Sartre mean by his claim that “existence precedes essence”?
- D) Humans are not born with essential qualities; rather, those qualities develop as they experience the world.
Research by Heine et al. demonstrates that
- A) the distribution of self-esteem scores differs in Asia vs. North America.
An important finding from Rogers’ work is that
- B) the therapeutic climate depends on the patient.
The major prediction of terror management theory is that if one manipulates the degree to which one is thinking about , there should be differences in the degree that people need .
- B) death; their cultural worldviews
Existentialists are concerned with
According to the existential view, certain problems
- A) are inherent in the nature of existence.
According to Rogers, when a person distorts behavior so as to make it consistent with the self, it is called
The concept of authenticity is defined in terms of
- A) the extent to which a person behaves in accord with the self.
Frankl’s method of therapy was known as
Research linking self-esteem to life outcomes indicates that measures of self-esteem often are
- D) only weakly related to life outcomes.
According to Rogers, experiences incongruent with the self structure are the basis for
Terror management’s predictions rest on what major assumption?
- C) Humans are unique because they have both a desire to live and an awareness of the inevitability of death
Maslow characterized actualizing people as being
Evidence suggests a relationship between alcohol abuse and
According to the text,
- A) it is impossible to be completely phenomenological.
According to Frankl, existential frustration involves lack of
- A) fulfillment of the will-to-meaning.
The emphasis on the therapist being honest is associated with the concept of
Which of the following is not associated with the size of self-ideal discrepancy?
- C) coronary heart disease.
In the last 50 years in the United States
- B) The average level of income has doubled, but happiness has not changed.
For Rogers, the single most important element contributing to therapeutic change is
- B) the therapeutic atmosphere.
Which of the following is not a major aspect of the existential view?
- C) the individual as not having responsibility.
Rogers’ theory of personality emphasized
Most research on the relation between views of the self and psychopathology suggest
- D) a large self-ideal discrepancy.
The ultimate goal for Rogers was a
- A) state of organism-self congruence.
According to Allport, situation characteristics
- B) help to explain variability in behavior.
For Eysenck, the concept of superfactor
- C) refers to basic dimensions that allow all individuals to be located within a two dimensional model.
According to Eysenck, it is necessary to
OT-data are
The basic assumption of the trait point of view is that
- B) people possess broad predispositions to respond.
Intelligence illustrates which kind of trait?
According to Allport, people generally describe others in terms of
Which of the following would support the utility of idiographic research?
In his view of the person Allport would be most similar to
According to Cattell, which traits represent the building blocks of personality?
The hierarchy emphasized by trait theorists is
- D) responses, habits, traits, types.
Compared to introverts, extraverts
- D) are more likely to seek diversion from job routine.
According to Eysenck, the basis for individual differences in introversion-extraversion is differences in
- A) physiological functioning.
Eysenck predicted that individuals high on extraversion would experience lower cortical arousal in response to environmental stimuli. What pattern of results did Kehoe et al. find when looking at the fMRI activity of those high in extraversion?
- A) Activity in the cerebellum was lower than those low in extraversion, whereas activity in the insula was higher than those low in extraversion.
Which of the following is not a trait category suggested by Cattell?
- D) Introverts are more influenced by punishments, extraverts by rewards.
Cattell’s theory asserts that traits are the building blocks of personality.
- C) source
Allport’s emphasis on the individual is seen in his support for
Allport’s ordering of traits from most to least generalized and consistent is
- A) cardinal, central, secondary.
Which of the following trait theorists has been associated with the application of trait theory to abnormal behavior?
Which statement is not expressive of Allport’s views?
- A) Traits are more important than situations.
According to factor analysis
- C) things that vary together are related.
People high on Eysenck’s psychoticism factor tend to be
Factors determining psychopathology
- B) lie inside Eysenck’s range of convenience.
For Allport, evidence for the existence of a trait was
- A) consistency in behavior. Chapter 8
Relative to older adults, adolescents and young adults score
- D) all of the above.
According to the fundamental lexical hypothesis
- C) language expresses observations.
Research by Ravenna Helson and colleagues examining the lives of women who were studied over long periods of time found that
- B) women who were involved in the women’s movement became more confident and empowered.
Research on age differences during adulthood are faced with the problem of
The factor that shows least cross-cultural replicability is
- D) openness to experience.
Concerning the number of basic trait factors,
- B) some suggest more and some suggest fewer.
Which of the following is not a pair?
- D) all of the above are pairs.
The text suggests that cross-cultural trait comparisons may depend on whether
- C) indigenous terms are used.
According to McCrae and Costa, life choices and the self-concept are formed out of
Overall, cross-cultural research on the Big Five suggests that
- C) at least three of the Big Five are universal.
People may be stable in their behavior because
The text suggests that trait theory is
- A) growing in popularity.
The text suggests support for the following
The Five-Factor Model appears to be useful in
- A) describing personality disorders.
Cross-cultural research on age trends suggests
- A) the same pattern of personality trait change.
Results from the NEO-PI would be expected to be most similar to those from the
The existence of universal terms for describing individual differences would be an evolutionary perspective.
- A) consistent with
Which of the following is not a likely contribution to trait stability?
- D) all of these contribute to stability
Laboratory situations are problematic for the study of traits because
- C) they restrict the range of individual differences.
Cattell’s factors seem most comparable to the NEO-PI’s
The evidence is best that people behave consistently
- A) within domains of situations.
Which of the following is not one of the Big 5?
- B) honesty.
Which of the following is not a basis for support for the five factor model?
- B) results from projective tests.
DeYoung and colleagues (2010) were able to identify brain regions correlated with variations in Big Five traits. Your textbook authors note that one reason one must exercise caution when interpreting these results is that “the brains’ various regions are enormously interconnected.” What did they mean by this?
- D) The connectivity makes focusing on one brain area problematic because several brain areas are active during a given complex task.
Studies on animal personality suggest
- D) there is evidence for continuity of personality structure among the species. Chapter 9
According to Buss, evolved psychological mechanisms
- B) may not fit current living conditions.
The person associated with phrenology is
Neuroscientist Elizabeth Gould discovered that baby rats traumatized by separation from a care-giving adult for several hours a day formed fewer neurons in their brain later in life. Her research suggests
- C) that experience can affect brain structures
The part of the brain implicated in emotion and motivation is the
Which of the following would be suggested by trait theorists as important for group survival?
Research to date suggests
- A) no one-to-one biology-personality trait correspondence.
Hamer describes as the “feel bad” chemical.
- B) serotonin.
Which of the following is accurate?
- B) if shared environments are important, biological siblings reared together will resemble their parents more than such siblings reared apart.
According to Clark and Watson, affect regulation is most associated with
Kretschmer believed that psychiatric disorder was related to
The text suggests that
Greater right hemispheric activity is associated with
The best interpretation of Kagan’s data is that
- A) temperament sets constraints on personality development.
Which of the following is not true?
- A) Genetic factors account for the majority of personality.
The genetic component is least strong for
Recent research suggests that children from the same family are so different because of
The research of Buss and Plomin showed evidence of
According to Davidson,
- B) are important for individual differences in mood.
Recent behavior-genetic research suggests evidence for
Research by Caspi et al indicates that is (are) a main cause of antisocial behavior.
- C) an interaction of a and b
It can be suggested that
- A) if two individuals are identical genetically, differences between them must be due to the environment.
Nonshared environments include
Sheldon’s work on the relation of body type to temperament
- D) yielded results that are now recognized as weak, and are not important to the contemporary field.
Work by Eagly and Wood on men’s and women’s mate preferences in different nations finds that
- C) sex differences are smaller in countries in which men and women have similar social roles.
The forerunner of Sheldon’s work was
- B) Kretschmer. Chapter 10
According to the text, the Skinnerian approach to psychopathology would predict that a
“behavioral deficit” would result when
- B) there is a failure to develop a response that is normally part of a person’s behavioral repertory.
Stability to behavior over many situations might be due to
According to Skinner, scientists
- B) are shaped by their own reinforcement histories.
The goal of the behavior therapist, in working with a patient, is
- C) the modification of the target behavior.
Skinnerians feel that behaviors can be imitated without being directly reinforced, but that this can only happen when
- D) the act of imitation itself has taken on the qualities of a reinforcer.
Behavioral assessment is illustrative of the
According to learning theory, whatever consistency is found in behavior is most likely the result of
- C) similarity of environmental conditions evoking the behavior.
Therapist control over the relevant variables is demonstrated
John goes to the doctor for allergy shots in his arm every spring. He has done this for so long that now just seeing the doctor makes his arm hurt. This is an example of
- D) classical conditioning.
Skinner question the idea that people
A critical difference between psychoanalytic and behavioral interpretations of psychopathology is
- B) one emphasizes the organization of responses, the other does not
For Skinner, money is
- B) a generalized reinforcer.
Behaviorists generally believe that
- A) it is possible to generalize from the laboratory to real life.
Skinner called emitted responses
Which of the following is not an emphasis of the behaviorist approach?
Based on the relative permanency of effect and utility in modifying behavior, Skinner emphasized the use of reinforcement in the shaping of behavior.
Behavioral approaches to psychopathology emphasize the importance of
Pavlov’s work was suggestive to Skinner in terms of
- B) emphasizing the importance of controlling environmental conditions.
The classical conditioning procedure was illustrated in the treatment of
Behavioral and self-report data
- C) do not always match one another.
The text notes that the key structural unit for the behavioral approach to personality is
In a response is reinforced because it is associated with the termination of an aversive stimulus.
Watson’s work with conditioning a fear response to furry objects with Little Albert is an example of the potential for conditioning to play a considerable role in the development of certain types of pathology.
The principle of self-control in behavioral technology is that
- C) the individual gains control over his own reinforcers
Skinnerians would not favor systematic desensitization because
- B) it emphasizes mental imagery.
Chapter 11
According to Kelly, to understand a construct we must know its
According to Kelly,
- A) we reach out to the future through the present.
The constructs found on the Rep Test
- B) are representative of the person’s world.
Research by Grice reveals that if you give individuals Kelly’s REP test, you learn
- A) a lot of information about them that you would not learn if you
simply gave them a five-factor trait theory test.
In relation to psychoanalysis, Kelly rejected
- B) insight and the discovery of truth.
As children develop, their construct systems
- C) become more hierarchical.
For Kelly, theories are
For Kelly, anxiety is
- C) the result of not having constructs for a situation.
Kelly’s concept of a submerged construct is most similar to
As children develop, their construct system
- A) increases in hierarchical organization.
Although Kelly did not use a conscious-unconscious construct, he did employ a construct(s) which, in may ways, resembled (resemble) Freud’s notion of the unconscious. That construct(s) is (are)
James Bieri has extended Kelly’s work on cognitive personality theory by working with the concept of cognitive complexity-simplicity. Among other things, his research seems to indicate that
- B) cognitively simple system people tend to stress differences among themselves and others.
Kelly’s theory wasn’t equipped to make predictions about the brain systems that underlie construct systems. What would he make of this failing?
- B) He would admit that the biological findings are outside of his range of convenience and that the theory itself should either be improved or abandoned.
The suggestion may be made that constructs most likely
- A) facilitate experience and recall.
Development involves
- A) an increased ability to take distance on self and others.
Which of the following is a criticism of Kelly’s theory?
- D) All of the above are criticisms
Fixed-role therapy does not involve
- B) believing yourself to be a new person.
The concepts of range of convenience and focus of convenience suggest that
- B) theories cover a range of phenomena and work best at points within this range.
Prior to international crises, communications between nations in conflict tend to be
Within Kelly’s cognitive theory of personality, the term “constructive alternativism” means
- C) there is no objective reality – only alternative ways of
constructing events.
Studies of cognitive complexity have suggested that
- A) subjects high in cognitive complexity try to make use of inconsistent information in forming an impression.
According to Kelly, psychopathology is a
- D) all of the above.
One interesting question that arises from Kelly’s theory is how a person chooses for himself one end of a dichotomized construct. According to Kelly, a person chooses the alternative that
- B) allows the greatest possibility for extension and definition of
the construct system.
The Rep Test is a useful device for getting at
Which of the following is true of Kelly’s theory?
- A) It is based on clinical experience.
Chapter 12
In observational learning, a critical distinction is made between
- A) acquisition and performance.
Bandura’s microanalytic research strategy emphasizes
- B) situational specificity.
The following is a distinction emphasized by social cognitive theorists
- A) acquisition-performance.
Research by Bandura and Cervone indicates that motivation is best increased by
The text notes that a defining characteristic of persons involves persons’
The CAPS model was developed by
In Michel’s delay of gratification paradigm, children get a large reward if they
- A) wait for a designated period of time.
Experiments (outlined in the text) which show that a subject can develop a conditioned response through the observation of another person (model) being conditioned are taken as evidence of
- A) vicarious conditioning.
With regard to the personality variables of competencies, goals, evaluative standards, and expectancies, social cognitive theorists
- D) would never give people one overall score on each.
Like Kelly’s personal construct theory, social cognitive theorists believe that much human thought and action is
Bandura’s microanalytic research strategy emphasizes
- C) situation-specific measures.
Social cognitive theorists strongly emphasize
- A) variability in behavior.
The development of intrinsic interest is enhanced by
- D) all of the above.
What did Casey et al.’s (2011) research indicate regarding the link between childhood ability to delay gratification and adulthood brain activity?
- C) There was a link, indicating that delay ability likely remains
relatively stable throughout the lifespan.
According to social cognitive theory, the process of reciprocal determinism suggests that
As illustrated by the CAPS model, social-cognitive theorists view personality as
Observed consequences to a model most affect
- B) performance of responses.
According to Bandura, aggressive behavior is regulated by
Self-efficacy beliefs most influence
According to social cognitive theory, goals
- C) allow us to organize behavior over extended periods of time.
A is a criterion for judging the goodness or worth of a person or thing.
In Michel’s delay of gratification paradigm, children wait longest if they see
Expectations generally
- B) vary from situation to situation.
A central idea of the CAPS model is that
- A) variability in behavior is an important aspect of personality.
Two of Mischel’s mentors were
Chapter 13
RET was developed by
- B) Ellis.
A method is one that measures the duration required for someone to give a response
- C) reaction-time
In Stress Innoculation Training, relapse is prevented by
Once having developed a self-schema as a failure, the person might
Dweck’s research on learning and performance goals is relevant to the phenomenon of
The working self-concept refers to
- C) information in working memory.
Cognitive structures concerning the self are known as
Dweck’s research on goals and behavior reveals that, when faced with a difficult task, children who have doubts about their abilities and adopt goals are likely to experience negative emotions, negative thoughts about themselves, and to fail, whereas those who adopt goals will be relatively more successful.
- D) performance goals; learning goals
Bandura’s research on treatments for phobia reveals that the psychological mechanism mediating treatment effects is
- A) self-efficacy.
A limitation of social cognitive theory is that is
- A) relatively neglects some important areas.
A is a difference between the actual self and a self-guide
Of particular importance in the development of self-schemas are
- C) emotionally significant experiences.
Self-guides are similar to Bandura’s
According to the cognitive view, putting oneself down continuously represents
- D) a maladaptive strategy.
According to Markus, having relevant self-schemata
- C) means that one will resist certain types of information.
Evaluation of what is at stake occurs in
Research on sexual self-schema suggests that women with high scores
- A) are more sexually active.
Research by Bandura and his colleagues that investigated the effectiveness of various therapy techniques for treating snake phobias found that the most powerful treatment for these phobias is
- D) live modeling with participation (participant modeling).
Mental structures that allow us quickly to interpret complex stimuli are called
Self-guides are thought to result from
- A) early social learning experiences.
According to research findings and anecdotal evidence by Flett, Hewitt and colleagues, an adaptive lifestyle may be one that mixes
standards of achievement with the capacity to accept aspects of ourselves that are perfect.
Which of the following is not a shared assumption among cognitive therapies?
- D) All of the above are shared.
The cognitive triad involves views concerning
- A) self, world, and future.
Markus, in her research on self-schemas, relied upon
methods.
According to evidence from the ways of coping scale,
- A) the use of specific coping methods is strongly influenced by the situation.
Chapter 14
Research based on the KAPA model of personality architecture demonstrates that people have consistently high self-efficacy appraisal across situations
- B) linked to positive self-schemas
Rejection sensitivity involves primarily
Research by Elder et al. on ill-temperedness finds that, among men, this personality variable
- B) has life effects as large as the effects of SES (socioeconomic status).
In Eastern cultures, people experience greater intrinsic motivation when tasks
- A) are chosen by an authority figure.
Research investigating native people’s of Bali indicates that in this nation
- A) personal names are not used as frequently as in Western
nations.
Baltes’ analysis of selection processes has been applied mainly to issues of personality and
- B) older adult development.
Andersen’s research on transference is based on a(n)
strategy.
Work by Andersen on transference reveals that
- D) social cognitive analyses can illuminate phenomena originally of interest to psychoanalysts.
The KAPA model of personality architecture is based on a distinction between
- D) knowledge and appraisal.
People who strategically use negative thinking to motivate themselves are called
The text suggests that issues of culture
- B) are of central importance to the study of personality.
A key feature of research by Downey and Feldman is that rejection sensitivity
- A) predicted outcomes after controlling for other personality
variables.
The relationships of people high in rejection sensitivity are relatively more likely to
- A) break up.
The RSQ measures
- D) rejection sensitivity.
Research on day-to-day interactions by Gable, Reis, and Downey finds that
- B) inaccurate interpretations of a relationships partner influence the quality of relationships
People who employ selection and optimization strategies
- D) experience greater well-being.
Research based on the KAPA model of personality architecture reveals personality consistency across
- A) idiosyncratic sets of situations.
Research based on the KAPA model of personality architecture demonstrates that
- D) social-cognitive analyses can illuminate questions of cross- situational consistency.
The overall design and operating characteristics of personality systems are termed, by Cervone,
- A) the architecture of personality.
Work by Downey and Feldman documents the impact of rejection sensitivity on
- C) relationship outcomes.
Work by Caspi, Lynam, Elder, et al. on personality development shows that personality outcomes
- C) reflect interactions between personality and social setting.
Research by Ayduk et al. demonstrates the importance of
Research by Elder et al. on ill-temperedness finds that this personality variable
- A) has different effects among women than men.
Susan Andersen and colleagues explain transference in terms of
- B) basic social-cognitive processes.
Research based on the KAPA model of personality architecture is strongly
- A) nomothetic.
Previous Quiz Questions for Final
Week 1
1.Those who emphasize the limits of family influence suggest that:
-Genes affect the selection of environments.
- Genetic research suggests that in different “racial” and ethnic human groups
-Most of our genetic makeup is shared, i.e., is common to all groups
- Intrapersonal processes includes
-The emotions that we experience
- The extreme views on whether the determinants of behavior are internal or external are represented by which pair of names?
-Freud/Skinner
- The phase “nature versus nurture” refers to the study of
-Genetic versus environmental influences
- The concept of reaction range suggests that the following set limits on personality development
-Genes
- A critical question for personality theory concerns
-How to conceptualize the role of the past and future
- The text emphasizes that the study of psychopathology is important to consider when studying personality because
-All of the above
- Why are children from the same family so different?
-All of the above
- In the description of the “toolkit” metaphor, the textbook notes that the idea that a theory could be wrong makes little sense. Instead, in evaluating theories, we might be better off asking how they are.
-Useful
- Conscious, rather than the unconscious processes, strongly come into play when people
- Contemplate important life decisions
- Which of the following are emphasized as central to the study of personality?
- Individual differences and consistent patterns of functioning.
- Which of the following has been a traditional reason for the emphasis on the concept of self?
- The text suggests that
- Theory is fundamental to the study of personality
- A unique feature of a course in personality psychology is that, unlike other courses, the focus is on
- Which of the following is not a criterion for the evaluation of a theory of personality?
- The more stable aspects of the person’s functioning and the more fluid, changing aspects are covered by the concepts of
- What is the last day to complete hours at the Center for Civic Engagement and turn in the paperwork to the CCE?
- Goals, drives, and motives have been particularly central to aspect of personality theories
- According to the “toolkit” metaphor, on what basis should we evaluate theories of personality?
- According to what they can accomplish with them, to what advantages they have over other theories, and to what “tools” could be added or subtracted to make them better.
- How many of the weekly writing assignments count in the final grade?
- Which of the following is emphasized as playing a major role in the development of personality?
- A clustering of traits is called a
- How many questions are on the final and how many points are they worth?
- 100 questions worth 1 point each
- Concepts such as trait and type fall into which of the following areas?
Week 2
- The term comes from the Greek for the word law, as in general scientific laws
- Ethics of research involve questions of
- A(n) detects variations in blood flow, whereas a(n) records electrical activity of neurons.
- The use of ratings in personality research illustrates
- To obtain a detailed portrait of an individual, it would be best to use a(n) method
- In comparison with case studies, correlational research typically
- Involves quantitative relationships
- The tendency to answer questions in a consistent way is called
- Reliability refers to
- The replicability of observations
- Problems of respsone style and social desirability are particularly relevant to
- Researchers who use the correlational design are primarily interested in
- Differences among individuals
- The approach to research emphasizing the intensive study of individuals is
- Validity refers to
- Whether observations relate to the variables of interest
- Performance on an intelligence test illustrates
- The essence of scientific research is
- Replicability of findings
- Based on the discussion in the text, “flexible” measures could also be labeled as
- The ability to establish if-then causal relationships is best seen in
- Anxiety about conforming to the beliefs that others hold about a group of which you are a member of is called:
- The text suggests that T-Data and S-Data
- An advantage of personality tests and questionnaires is that they
- Provide for the study of many variables
- Cues which are implicit in an experimental setting and which influence a subject’s behavior are known as
- Which of the following is not a feature of experimental research?
- Establishment consistent individual differences
- In correlational research the investigator
- The APA principles of ethical research
- The study of an Algerian man named Ali, conducted by the psychologist Hubert Hermans, discussed in the text, is an example of:
- Evidence concerning demand characteristics suggests that
- Subjects ascribe meaning and purpose to the experimental situation
Week 3
- Research on the later effects of early experiences show evidence of
- Continuities and discontinuities
- Freud was first trained as a
- “Not looking” is expressive of the mechanism of defense called
- According to psychoanalytic theory, the instincts can be
- Blocked, expressed, displaced, aim-inhibited
- A part of the psychoanalytic theory is that psychic life can be described in terms of the degree to which we are aware of phenomena. There are three such levels of awareness. Which of the following is not one of these levels?
- Which one of these events likely had an impact on Freud’s early childhood?
- Repressive style is associated with
- Risk of health difficulties
- Which of the following is not true?
- The unconscious tracks time and space
- For Freud, the goal of all behavior is
- Freud was not impressed with supportive findings from experimental psychology because
- He was sufficiently impressed with clinical observations
- Rationalization involves
- Perception of an action but not the motive for it
- The characteristics of the unconscious are seen most clearly in
- The foundation for Freud’s view of human functioning was the principle of
- Intellectualization occurs with the defense mechanism of
- The psychoanalytic concept for the aspect of human functioning associated with rewards for striving for ideals and punishments for violating moral standards is the – Superego
- Research on Oedipal behaviors suggests that around age four children show
- Behavior consistent with psychoanalytic theory
- According to the psychoanalytic theory, pleasure is based on
- According to Freuian theory, personality is regarded as a hydraulic system with psychic energy being the currency of the system. According to Freud’s later formulations, which of the following were the two major sources of psychic energy?
- life instinct and death instinct
- Various factors affected Freud’s theory. Which of the following is not one of these influences?
- The major contribution of Erikson’s view is
- The attention given to social- interpersonal factors in development
- The “major” or “primary” defense mechanism, according to psychoanalytic theory is
- Which of the following is present at birth?
- A critical element of subliminal psychodynamic activation research is that
- The stimuli must be perceived subliminally
- The 19th century movement which argued that natural science principles could explain all human biological and psychological functioning was called
- Research on repression suggests that
- Physiological arousal may not be perceived
Week 4
- A distinctive aspect of the psychoanalytic view of psychosomatic disorders is that
- Specific disorders are linked to specific emotional conflicts
- According to psychoanalytic theory, a symptom
- Expresses both wish and defense
- According to psychoanalytic theory, the critical aspect of psychopathology is
- Conflict between wish and anxiety
- The relation of TAT fantasy to overt behavior is
- It is surprising to learn that the cerebellum is implicated in attachment processing because the cerebellum is primarily involved in:
- Freud felt that in the case of “Little hans”, the phobia he developed of horses was mostly
- Conflicts associated with the Oedipal situation
- The character type possessing the characteristics of being demanding, envious, and impatient are
- Seeking gratification appropriate to an earlier stage of development is a sign of
- Which is not a strength of psychoanalytic theory?
- Little Hans was afraid of horse because (of)
- Which of these dimensions is suggested to relate to various attachment styles?
- Psychoanalytic treatment aims toward
- According to psychoanalytic theory, in regression there is a return to
- an earlier point of fixation
- According to psychoanalytic theory, various forms of pathology are associated with
- Bowlby’s concept of working models refers to
- Good-me, bad-me, not-me are concepts of
- The process emphasized by analysts in therapy
- Which theorist placed a heavy emphasis on interpersonal forces in human development
- The TAT can be scored
- Concerning the projective tests given to Jim, the text suggests that they
- Captured the world of the irrational
- Individuals scoring high on narcissism have been found to demonstrate a
- Karen Horney’s major difference with Freud was over the relative importance of
- Biological and cultural influences
- Which of the following was suggested in the interpretation of Jim’s projectives?
- Conflicted relationships with women
- The founder of the school of Individual Psychology was
- Which of the following is not a contributor to change in psychoanalysis?
- The superego helps in the control of the instincts
Week 5
- Parents of children with high self-esteem
- Set clearly defined limits which are enforced
- For Rogers, the source of most concepts is (are)
- A discrepancy between self and experience leads to the state of
- According to Rogers, the imposition of conditions of worth on children causes
- A rift between organism and self
- Rogers’ concept for the experiencing of a stimulus without bringing it into
- The development of creative potential is associated with conditions of
- Psychological safety and freedom
- According to current research, recognition of the self
- is limited to humans and chimps
- According to Coopersmith, which of the following is not a building block for high self- esteem in children?
- varying enforcement of rules
- As Rogers conceptualizes it, a number of meaningful statements can be made about the “self”. Which of the following statements would Rogers agree with?
- The “self” represents an organized set of perceptions.
- Which of the following was not true of Rogers
- emphasized the defensive processes present in the person
- Stephenson developed the
- Rogers’ view of self-actualization includes
- The person’s perceptions of the world make up the
- Freud’s concept of the superego might be related to Rogers’ concept of
- According to Rogers, the response to incongruence is
- Research by Lieberman, Jarcho, and Sapute (2004) indicates that when people think intuitively about themselves the brain regions that become active are those that are relatively more connected to emotional life, including an area of the temporal lobe, the posterior cingulate cortex, and the .
- Relative to nondefensive subjects, defensive subjects are likely to
- recall fewer stimuli inconsistent with the self
- Within the Rogerian framework of personality, anxiety is the result of
- With which of the following statements would Rogers be most likely to disagree?
- There is no one self but many selves
- Research by Lieberman, Jarcho, and Sapute (2004) confirms the Rogerian idea that people have a core sense of self.
- Congruence involves bringing together
- One measure of recognition of the self is
- Two major defensive processes described by Rogers are
- The Q-sort can be used as a quantitative measure of
- the difference in meaning between two concepts
- Which of the following was developed as a measure of attitudes and the meaning of concepts?
Week 6
- Happy people
- respond appropriately to stressful life events and then return to their baseline level of happiness.
- How might Freud have responded to Sartre’s claim that people have unique mental capacities that give us free will?
- He would have disagreed, on the basis of his belief that behavior is largely determined by uncontrollable unconscious forces.
- Which is not a strength of Rogers’ theory?
- ties concepts to empirical measures
- Research suggests that relative to externally determined goals, the pursuit of autonomous goals results in
- Which of the following is NOT a basic psychological need, as specified by self-determination theory?
- According to Rogers, the healthy person can
- be clear about his or her feelings
- Which of the following concepts is illustrated by the quote, “I became completely ‘lost’ in what I was doing, unaware of time, other obligations, or other people”?
- In therapy, Rogers would be likely to use
- The woman who got run over by the truck
- was divorced by her husband; but, met someone who loves her despite her lack of attractiveness.
- Research suggests that differences between the pursuit of intrinsic and extrinsic goals
- Rogers’ theory of personality emphasized
- Rogers believes that the phenomenological approach
- can be supplemented by other approaches
- In the last 50 years in the United States
- The average level of income has doubled but happiness has not changed
- Terror management’s predictions rest on what major assumption?
- Humans are unique because they have both a desire to live and an awareness of the inevitability of death
- Limitations of Rogers’ theory includes
- inadequate attention to unconscious forces.
- What neurotransmitter was talked about in the “Happy” documentary and is related to happiness and is released during physical exercise?
- The conditions that Rogers emphasizes as necessary therapeutic conditions are
- Research linking self-esteem to life outcomes indicates that measures of self-esteem often are
- only weakly related to life outcomes
- The Human Potential Movement emphasizes all of the following except
- human narcissism and altruism
- According to Rogers, experiences incongruent with the self structure are the basis for
- Maslow described the human potential movement in American psychology as
- Which of the following is not a Rogerian conceptualization?
- In the case of Mrs. Oak
- self-ideal congruence increased as a result of therapy and increased after follow-up.
- Of the following, Rogers was most interested in developing a
- According to self-determination theory
- people prefer freely chosen to compelled activities
Week 7
- For Eysenck, the concept of superfactor
- refers to basic dimensions that allow all individuals to be located within a two dimensional model
- Factors determining psychopathology
- lie inside Eysenck’s range of convenience
- People high on Eysenck’s psychoticism factor tend to be
- Which of the following is not a trait category suggested by Cattell?
- Traits are to superfactors as
- Allport’s ordering of traits from most to least generalized and consistent is
- cardinal, central, secondary
- It is important for Cattell’s theory that different types of data should yield
- the same personality traits or factors
- Allport’s emphasis on the individual is seen in his support for
- The hierarchy emphasized by trait theorists is
- responses, habits, traits, types
- The dimension listed below that is not one of the dimensions emphasized by Eysenck is
- Which is a characteristic of trait theorists?
- Which is a characteristic of trait theorists?
- Intelligence illustrates which kind of trait?
- Compared to introverts, extraverts
- are more likely to seek diversion from job routine
- The study demonstrating that people could be influenced by suggestions of an epidemic is evidence for
- According to Allport, a trait could be defined in terms of
- Which of the following trait theorists has been associated with the application of trait theory to abnormal behavior?
- According to factor analysis
- things that vary together are related
- According to Allport, people generally describe others in terms of
- Allport is noteworthy in suggesting that people
- According to Eysenck,
- there is a strong genetic component to psychopathology.
- Which is not a property of traits?
- Which of the following statements is true?
-Introverts are more influenced by punishments, extraverts by rewards
- Allport, in contrast with Eysenck
- emphasized biological variables.
- A concern with the pattern and organization of traits is seen in the work of
- According to Allport, the concept of trait expresses
- the uniqueness of personality
Week 8
- Concerning developmental aspects of traits, research suggests a relationship between
- early temperament and later traits
- McCrae and Costa’s view of the Big Five is that they are similar to
- In their study of conscientious behavior, Mischel and Peake found that such behavior
- shows little cross-situational consistency
- The NEO-PI provides for
- Overall, cross-cultural research on the Big Five suggests that
- at least three of the Big Five are universal
- The text suggests that cross-cultural trait comparisons may depend on whether
- indigenous terms are used
- Differences between self- and observer-ratings of the Big Five have been observed for traits that are not highly:
- At this point in time, evidence in support of trait stability
- is better for longitudinal stability than for cross-situational stability
- McCrae and Costa suggest that
- progressions of personality development are fixed in order and time
- Recent research on the five-factor model indicates that
- individual people may show personality tendencies that vary from the population structure
- The trait position suggests
- A problem with the trait concept is that
- It presents too static a picture
- DeYoung and colleagues (2010) were able to identify brain regions correlated with variations in Big Five traits. Your textbook authors note that one reason one must exercise caution when interpreting these results is that “the brains’ various regions are enormously interconnected.” What did they mean by this?
- the connectivity makes focusing on one brain area problematic because several brain areas are active during a given complex task
- The factor that shows least cross-cultural replicability is
- some suggest more and some suggest fewer
- Concerning the number of basic trait factors,
- some suggest more and some suggest fewer
- Studies on animal personality suggest
- there is evidence for continuity of personality structure among the species
- Cross-cultural research on age trends suggests
- the same pattern of personality trait change
- A limitation of trait theory is that it
- uses static rather than dynamic concepts
- The text suggests support for the following
- The existence of universal terms for describing individual differences would be an evolutionary perspective.
- According to the concept of intrinsic maturation, personality traits are
- largely uninfluenced by the environment.
- At an extreme end of a trait dimension, personality can be
- Critics of trait theory mostly focus on the problem of
- cross-situational consistency
- According to the Five-Factor Model, personality disorders are best understood as
- Disagreement concerning trait measures is greatest concerning
Week 9
- The case of Phineas Gage illustrates the importance of the brain
- for specific personality characteristics
- The genetic component is least strong for
- Behavior geneticists suggest that after heredity, the greatest influence on personality is
- According to Clark and Watson, which of the following is associated with a willingness to engage the environment?
- Heritability estimates might differ if
- The fact that changes in social hierarchy result in changes in neurotransmitter levels illustrates
- Adoption studies offer the opportunity to gain greater insight into
- In the Brain DVD, what do we learn from Clive Waring?
- Personality and memory must reside in different structures in the brain because his personality stayed the same even though his memory was impaired.
- Biological sibling differences can be due to
- Kagan’s research suggests that
- parenting can make a difference in temperament.
- According to Davidson,
- are important for individual differences in mood
- Parenthood probability theory leads
- males to be more concerned about rivals than females.
- Dopamine is suggested to be most associated with
- According to Kagan, highly reactive children are likely to be
- The person associated with phrenology is
- Genes influence
- According to Buss, evolved psychological mechanisms
- Greater right hemispheric activity is associated with
- Which of the following is accurate?
- if shared environments are important, biological siblings reared together will resemble their parents more than such siblings reared apart.
- Kretschmer believed that psychiatric disorder was related to
- Sociopaths appear to have less neural connection between the frontal lobes and
- Imagine you are interested in testing the hypothesis that growing up in the same household might explain why male sexual orientation is correlated with the number of older brothers one has. What two groups of males might you compare on sexual orientation?
- Males raised with varying numbers of older brothers living in their home vs. males raised with the same number of brothers who did not live in the same home.
- Evolved adaptive mechanisms are viewed as
- Thomas and Chess as well as Buss and Plomin used in their research.
- It can be suggested that
- if two individuals are identical genetically, differences between them must be due to the environment.
Week 10
- John goes to the doctor for allergy shots in his arm every spring. He has done this for so long that now just seeing the doctor makes his arm hurt. This is an example of
- Skinner question the idea that people
- Early reports of the continued improvement of patients treated with systematic desensitization challenged the psychoanalytic concept of
- According to learning theory, whatever consistency is found in behavior is most likely the result of
- similarity of environmental conditions evoking the behavior.
- Behaviorists reject concepts such as will and intention because
- The observations are not public and replicable
- A fundamental difference between Freudian and Pavlovian interpretations of the case of Little Hans is
- According to Skinner
- The concept of schedules of reinforcement relates to
- Behavioral psychologists could be expected to be critical of the psychoanalytic interpretation of the use of Little Hans because
- Of the emphasis on unconscious wishes
- According to Skinner, complex behaviors are built up through
- Successive approximations
- Watson and Rayner suggested that the reasons for adult fears might
- Lie in the early traumatic experiences
- Which of the following is an accurate statement of the Skinnerian view of imitation?
- Imitative responses can result from intermittent reinforcement.
- Skinner called emitted responses
- The repeated presentation of a bell with electric shock will lead to the bell becoming
- According to the text, the Skinnerian approach to psychopathology would predict that a “behavioral deficit” would result when
- there is a failure to develop a response that is normally part of a person’s behavioral repertory.
- Behavioral approaches to personality are critical of trait approaches for their emphasis on
- Behavioral assessment is illustrative of the
- Superstitious behavior can be defined by a learning theorist as
- Non-contingent reinforcement
- Pavlov suggested that thought processes
- Were part of a second signal system
- Choose the item that correctly sequences the order of events that occurred in Aplysia in Kandel’s
(2000) study.
- shock trial→interneurons release neurotransmitters→motor neurons increase activity→gill withdrawal reflex
- Which of the following is not a part of systematic desensitization?
- With regard to behavior and its determinant, the learning theory approach tends to see the main determinants of behavior as being
- Watson’s work with conditioning a fear response to furry objects with Little Albert is an example of the potential for conditioning to play a considerable role in the development of certain types of pathology.
- In Kandel’s (2000) study with Aplysia, what was the conditioned response (UR)?
- According to Skinner, qualities of learned behavior are influenced by reinforcer
Week 11
- Which of the following is a criticism of Kelly’s theory?
- All of the above are criticisms
- Kelly’s theory advocates that a person’s own personality is made up of
- The entire construct system
- For Kelly, theories are
- If an anticipated event does not occur the person
- Though Kelly’s theory does not enable one to make predictions about the biology underlying construct systems, what might we he predict concerning the brain differences between experts and novices?
- Experts should have more complex brain systems
- Which of the following constructs can be modified without serious modification of the construct system?
- According to Kelly we are
- Depends on our construction of things
- In relation to psychoanalysis, Kelly rejected
- Insight and the discovery of truth
- A problem with the Rep Test is that it is
- Time- consuming and expensive
- According to Kelly,
- We reach out to the future through the present
- The constructs found on the Rep Test
- Are representative of the person’s world
- Although Kelly did not use a conscious-unconscious construct, he did employ a construct(s) which, in may ways, resembled (resemble) Freud’s notion of the unconscious. That construct(s) is (are)
- Kelly’s concept of a submerged construct is most similar to
- Kelly’s view of the person as a scientist implies that the person as an organism is essentially
- Always trying to understand the future through an evaluation of the present
- James Bieri has extended Kelly’s work on cognitive personality theory by working with the concept of cognitive complexity-simplicity. Among other things, his research seems to indicate that
- There seems to be an inverse relationship between cognitive complexity and pathology
- Research by Grice reveals that if you give individuals Kelly’s REP test, you learn
- a lot of information about them that you would not learn if you simply gave them a five-factor trait theory test.
- As a scientist, Kelly viewed the person as
- According to Kelly, to understand a construct we must know its
- A critical problem for a construct system is
- Development involves
- Increased use of self-relevant constructs
- A person anticipating the entrance of a new construct into the construct system would be most likely to experience , according to Kelly’s system.
- Fixed-role therapy encourages clients to
- A construct is a way of
- In Rogers’ theory, a person experienced anxiety when there was a discrepancy between experience and perception of the self. For Kelly, one experiences anxiety when
- One recognizes events that are outside of one’s construct system
- Kelly felt that people function the way they do in order to
- Expand and validate the construct system
Week 12
- Social cognitive theory has roots in
- According to Bandura, a greater effort follows from
- Not meeting one’s standards
- A major theme is Bandura’s work is that people
- According to social cognitive theory, effortful performance is most enhanced when
- Goals and feedback are present
- Which of the following is not a structural unit emphasized by social cognitive theory?
- Two of Mischel’s mentors were
- According to social cognitive theory, goal-directed behavior can be explained in terms of
- With regard to the personality variables of competencies, goals, evaluative standards, and expectancies, social cognitive theorists
- Would never give people one overall score on each
- The text notes that a defining characteristic of persons involves persons’
- Standards can be acquired through
- Social-cognitive theorists are critical of trait theory because they think that
- variability in action is important to understanding people’s personality, yet is relatively disregarded by trait theory.
- In observational learning, a critical distinction is made between
- Acquisition and performance
- Which of the following items could appear on a scale measuring moral disengagement?
- Through observational learning, one can acquire
- Delay of gratification scores in preschool children were found to be related to later
- As illustrated by the CAPS model, social-cognitive theorists view personality as
- The following is a distinction emphasized by social cognitive theorists
- Casey et al.’s (2011) research linking the ability to delay gratification in childhood to brain activity during adulthood revealed that relative to those high in the ability, those low in the ability had:
- Greater activation in the frontal lobes and lower activation in the striatum
- Research by Bandura and Cervone indicates that motivation is best increased by
- Observed consequences to a model most affect
- Bandura’s microanalytic research strategy emphasizes
- Situation-specific measures
- A feature that differentiates social cognitive theory from behaviorism is the two theories’ different views of
- Social-cognitive theorists are critical of behaviorism because behaviorists
- Underestimated people’s capacity for personal agency
- Expectations generally
- Vary from situation to situation
- Experiments (outlined in the text) which show that a subject can develop a conditioned response through the observation of another person (model) being conditioned are taken as evidence of
Week 13
- goals involve showing to others how much ability you have.
- In research on changes in phobia behavior, self-efficacy perceptions show correlation with actual behavior
- Markus, in her research on self-schemas, relied upon methods.
- Self schemas are
- The best way of increasing self-efficacy is by
- A is a difference between the actual self and a self-guide
- Bandura’s research on phobias employed measures of phobic behavior
- Mental structures that allow us quickly to interpret complex stimuli are called
- Self-guides are similar to Bandura’s
- Once we have developed self-schemas there is a
- If a person had a view of the self as intelligent and a view of intelligence as fixed, but did poorly on an exam, one would expect them to
- It would depend on how they did on the previous exam
- In Dweck’s research, beliefs that we cannot state in words are called
- RET stands for Ellis’
- The brain imaging research of D’Argembeau et al. (2009) reveals that two areas of the brain are more active when thinking about goals, relative to when thinking non-goal-related thoughs: the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). The relevance of the PCC is that it is
an area of the brain that is associated with:
- Research by Swann indicates that strongly prefer positive feedback about the self.
- People with positive self-views
- The working self-concept refers to
- Information in working memory
- According to the cognitive view, putting oneself down continuously represents
- Which of the following is not a shared assumption among cognitive therapies?
- All of the above are shared
- Which of the following is a coping mechanism described by Lazarus?
- In Stress Innoculation Training, the person
- Higgins’ general principles approach provides an integrated account of
- Personal and situational influences
- Cognitive structures concerning the self are known as
- According to Markus, self-schemas
- Influence what we can recall
- According to research findings and anecdotal evidence by Flett, Hewitt and colleagues, an adaptive lifestyle may be one that mixes standards of achievement with the capacity to accept aspects of ourselves that are perfect.
- Research by Bandura and his colleagues that investigated the effectiveness of various therapy techniques for treating snake phobias found that the most powerful treatment for these phobias is
- Live modeling with participation (participant modeling)
Week 14
- Rejection sensitivity is
- a contextualized personality variable
- Research by Ayduk et al. demonstrates the importance of
- Socioemotional selectivity theory predicts that older adults will value
- emotion regulation, especially personal relationships
- Based on Andersen’s research, people are more likely to exhibit false-positive memories when a new person they encounter
- Resembles a significant past acquaintance
- Socioemotional selectivity theory examines life-course changes in
- Work by Downey and Feldman documents the impact of rejection sensitivity on
- Rejection sensitivity involves primarily
- It has been found that, among defensive pessimists
- To disentangle cause and effect in the study of real-life personality development, it is necessary to engage in research.
- Research by Elder et al. on ill-temperedness stresses the importance of
- A key feature of research by Downey and Feldman is that rejection sensitivity
- Predicted outcomes after controlling for other personality variables
- Research based on the KAPA model of personality architecture reveals personality consistency across
- Idiosyncratic sets of situations
- Research on personality development shows that the effects of impulsivity
- Are worse if you live in low SES neighborhoods
- A personality style involving anxious expectations of rejection is called
- Research by Elder et al. on ill-temperedness finds that this personality variable
- Has different effects among women than men
- Work by Caspi, Lynam, Elder, et al. on personality development shows that personality outcomes
- Reflect interactions between personality and social setting
- Baltes’ analysis of selection processes has been applied mainly to issues of personality and
- People who employ selection and optimization strategies
- Experience greater well-being
- Research based on the KAPA model of personality architecture demonstrates that
- social-cognitive analyses can illuminate questions of cross-situational consistency
- Research by Caspi et al. shows that socioeconomic status
- Influences personality outcomes
- Research on the priming of cultural concepts by Hong et al. suggests that culture can be understood within a framework.
- The effects of strategies such as optimism and defensive pessimism are most apparent
- Having feelings towards someone that are based on experiences from someone else in your past is called
- Andersen’s research on transference is based on a(n) strategy.
- Susan Andersen and colleagues explain transference in terms of
- Basic social-cognitive processes
Chapter 1
A clustering of traits is called a
According to the “toolkit” metaphor, what are some of the jobs a personality psychologist might want to accomplish?
- E) All of the above.
The personality concept that refers to individual consistency and approximates the lay person’s concepts to describe people is
- C) trait.
According to the textbook, what is an advantage of the existence of multiple theories of personality?
- D) An increase in the likelihood that a given theory will be challenged, thereby prompting its refinement, extension, and improvement.
An important aspect of cultural influences on personality is that
- A) often we are unaware of the influence.
In general terms, the text suggests that the science of personality
The text emphasizes that a big difference between intuitive theories about people and scientific theories of personality is that the personality scientist must
When entities are organized in such a manner that one entity is seen as an example of another, or as serving a purpose of the other, one calls this specific overall organization a
How many total points are available in this class?
The concepts of band-width and fidelity are analogous to characteristics of a
- B) radio.
The phrase “nature versus nurture” refers to the study of
- A) genetic versus environmental influences.
Biologically-based personality tendencies evidence in early childhood are called
A critical question for personality theory concerns
- B) how to conceptualize the role of the past and future.
A problem with the “nature versus nurture” formulation is that
- D) the “versus” is the problem, i.e., nature and nurture are not opposing forces.
A unique feature of a course in personality psychology is that, unlike other courses, the focus is on
Thoughts, feelings, and behavior make up the
The role of genetic factors in personality is most clearly seen in
- A) temperament. “Units of analysis” refer to
- A) the basic variables of a given theory. The text suggest that theories should have
- D) all of the above.
Research suggests that temperament is
The text suggests that
- B) theory is fundamental to the study of personality.
Evidence of the importance of the common (shared) family environment is found in studies of
- D) romantic relationships.
“Why” type questions are those that address
- D) motivational characteristics.
How many Center for Civic Engagement hours are required in this class?
Concepts such as trait and type fall into which of the following areas?
- A) structure. Chapter 2
Ethics of research involve questions of
- D) all of the above.
The potential for self-perception bias is greatest in
Which of the following concepts suggests that the psychological experiment is a form of social interaction?
Evidence concerning demand characteristics suggests that
- C) subjects ascribe meaning and purpose to the experimental situation.
The case of “Clever Hans” is
- D) an example of an experimenter bias. Supporters of using verbal self-reports argue that
- A) these are data.
The study of an Algerian man named Ali, conducted by the psychologist Hubert Hermans, discussed in the text, was designed to
- A) obtain a detailed portrait of the unique individual, Ali. A potential strength of experimental research is that it
- C) establishes causal relationships.
A case study method is an example of a technique.
The APA principles of ethical research
- D) all of the above. The text suggests that
- C) theory and research are closely related. The text emphasizes that:
- B) one cannot have “theory-free research” because theory inevitably informs research procedures.
Experimenter expectancy effects represent
-A) an unintended source of error.
Which of the following qualities do the EEG and fMRI share?
- C) They both indicate which areas of the brain are most active during a given task.
As discussed in the text, “fixed” measures are ones that
- C) are administered in the same way to all people.
Individual differences in performance on an experimental test would be an example of data.
The term comes from the Greek for the word law, as in general scientific laws.
The question of whether different items on a test correlate with one another is a question of
A(n) detects variations in blood flow, whereas a(n) records electrical activity of neurons.
An advantage of personality tests and questionnaires is that they
- C) provide for the study of many variables.
Steele’s research on stereotype threat demonstrated that stereotype threat processes
The essence of scientific research is
- A) replicability of findings.
In comparison with case studies, correlational research typically
- B) involves quantitative relationships.
Which of the following is not true of correlational research?
- B) characteristics-variables are studied sequentially.
The case of Sir Cyril Burt raised the issue of
Chapter 3
A part of psychoanalytic theory is that psychic life can be described in terms of the degree to which we are aware of phenomena. There are three such levels of awareness. Which of the following is not one of these levels?
“Not looking” is expressive of the mechanism of defense called
Psychoanalytic theory suggests that the “Reality Principle” and the
“Pleasure Principle” operate together in the following manner:
- D) when the “reality principle” is functioning, the functions of the
“pleasure principle” are temporarily suspended. The defense mechanism of isolation is where
- A) the normal affect accompanying certain thoughts is denied. Psychoanalysis is
- D) all of the above.
Which defense mechanism plays a part in all other defense mechanisms?
According to the Oedipus Complex, every boy is fated to struggle with wishes to kill his
The development of the superego is often associated with the end of which stage of psychosexual development?
Voon et al. (2010) used fMRI to track the brain activation of people with and without conversion disorder. What results would have supported
the idea that people with conversion disorder are likely faking their symptoms?
Research on thought suppression suggests that
- A) this may contribute to the development of phobias. Libido is
- A) the energy of the life instinct.
Research on projection by Newman and colleagues indicates that
- B) projection can be understood via the principles of contemporary social-cognitive psychology.
Basically, defense mechanisms are mechanisms by which a person can defend oneself from anxiety emanating from which of the following sources?
What did Anna O call what became known as Catharsis?
Psychoanalytic theory suggests that unconscious influences are found in
- A) out of character behavior.
The terms “anal,” “genital,” and “oral” refer to
Contemporary research in psychology demonstrates that
- D) unconscious processes exist but often differ from Freud’s depictions of them.
In Erikson’s model, the stage comparable to Freud’s anal stage is
- A) autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Experimental research on repressive coping styles by Weinberger, Schwartz, and Davidson demonstrates that:
- B) some individuals who describe themselves as being “low anxious” actually show extremely high levels of anxiety reactions in stressful situations.
Intellectualization occurs with the defense mechanism of
For Freud, the goal of all behavior is
The characteristics of the unconscious are seen most clearly in
The preconscious differs from the unconscious in that
- A) the preconscious relates to phenomena we are able to be aware of if we attend to them.
Which of the following defense mechanisms involves replacement of the original object of gratification with a higher cultural goal?
Which of the following is an important component of the Freudian view of the person?
Chapter 4
The “will to power” refers to
- B) striving for superiority.
The psychoanalytic concept expressing a return to an earlier mode of satisfaction is
- A) regression.
The central difference between traditional psychoanalysts and object relations theorists focuses on the importance of
Research suggests that compared to nonnarcissistic individuals, narcissists prefer
The psychoanalytic process may be best viewed in terms of
According to psychoanalytic theory, the critical aspect of psychopathology is
- B) conflict between wish and anxiety. Bowlby’s concept of working models refers to
- C) mental representations.
Which theorist is most associated with an emphasis on peer relationships?
The stage in which the child identifies with the parent of the same sex
Freud felt that in the case of “Little Hans,” the phobia he developed of horses was mostly determined by
- B) conflicts associated with the Oedipal situation.
Recent developments in traditional psychoanalytic theory have emphasized
- A) disturbances in the development of sense of self and more scientific concepts.
The narcissistic personality type is associated with which stage of development?
Karen Horney’s major difference with Freud was over the relative importance of
- A) biological and cultural influences.
Which of the following is not a contributor to change in psychoanalysis?
- B) the superego helps in the control of the instincts. Which of these dimensions is suggested to relate to various
attachment styles?
- C) both a and b.
The relation of TAT fantasy to overt behavior is
Which is not a strength of psychoanalytic theory?
- D) defines concepts clearly.
At this point the evidence suggests that
- C) there is evidence for both continuity and change. Adler’s concept for people’s response to organ weaknesses and
psychological feelings of inferiority was
- C) compensatory strivings.
The process emphasized by analysts in therapy
In psychoanalysis the analyst is
According to research by Buchheim and colleagues (2009), if an individual with an insecure attachment style was given oxytocin, how would they likely respond?
- B) They would probably experience attachment-related emotions
In interpreting the Rorschach test, one is interested in
The concept of narcissistic personality relates to
- C) a person vulnerable to blows to self-esteem. The case of Little Hans is important in illustrating
- D) infantile sexuality. Chapter 5
Subception is the process through which experiences unavailable to awareness can lead to
- C) anxiety.
Compared to people with high self-esteem, research shows that people with low self-esteem
- B) are less motivated to improve their negative moods
Unconscious is to projective, as is to the Q-sort
The phenomenological approach emphasizes
- D) all of the above.
The psychoanalytic concept most relevant to that of self-actualization is
- B) ego.
Parental attitudes and practices are very important factors in the development of self-esteem in children. The research on the subject to date indicates that
- B) parents of high self-esteem children tend to set behavioral
guidelines and enforce them consistently.
With which of the following statements would Rogers be most likely to disagree?
- A) There is no one self but many selves.
Within the Rogerian framework of personality, anxiety is the result of
The basis for the denial of experience is
According to Rogers, the basic tendency for humans is to strive for
Two major defensive processes described by Rogers are
- A) distortion and denial.
Freud is to drives as Rogers is to
Which of the following was not true of Rogers?
- C) emphasized the defensive processes present in the person
In terms of his view of people, Rogers
- D) emphasizes positive tendencies.
As Rogers conceptualizes it, a number of meaningful statements can be made about the “self.” Which of the following statements would Rogers agree with?
- C) The “self” represents an organized set of perceptions.
The development of self-esteem is associated with
- C) freedom within boundaries
According to Coopersmith, which of the following is not a building block for high self-esteem in children?
- C) varying enforcement of rules.
Which of the following is not expressive of Rogers?
- B) people have inherently cruel parts.
The concept of self consistency was originally developed by
Which of the following was developed as a measure of attitudes and the meaning of concepts?
- D) semantic differential.
Congruence involves bringing together
- C) feelings and self concept.
Which of the following statements does not accurately reflect an aspect of Rogers’ theory of personality?
- B) The most important determinants of behavior are those which are unconscious.
One measure of recognition of the self is
- A) self-directed mirror behavior.
For Rogers, the source of most concepts is (are)
For Rogers, the self is made up of
- A) an organization of parts.
Chapter 6
The approach known as existentialism
Existentialists are concerned with
The concept most relevant to Rogers’ views concerning therapy is
According to terror management theory, what factor(s) buffer(s) individuals against the anxiety associated with the inevitability of death?
- A) Social and cultural institutions that furnish meaning in life.
The concept of a hierarchy of needs was developed by
Which is not a strength of Rogers’ theory?
- C) ties concepts to empirical measures.
According to Rogers, experiences incongruent with the self structure are the basis for
Rogers’ views concerning therapeutic factors can be tied to
- A) his theory of growth and development.
The emphasis on the therapist being honest is associated with the concept of
Research linking self-esteem to life outcomes indicates that measures of self-esteem often are
- D) only weakly related to life outcomes.
Rogers believes that the phenomenological approach
- B) can be supplemented by other approaches.
Terror management’s predictions rest on what major assumption?
- C) Humans are unique because they have both a desire to live and an awareness of the inevitability of death
Rogers’ theory of personality emphasized
- C) change.
What percentage of our happiness is determined by things that we have control over?
- B) 40%
Maslow characterized actualizing people as being
Which of the following is a strength of Rogers’ theory?
Maslow described the human potential movement in American psychology as
According to terror management theory, if cultural beliefs buffer against fear of death, and if people are induced to think about death, then they should display a stronger-than-usual need to , and to
, their cultural beliefs.
The concept of flow relates to
- B) positive states of consciousness.
According to Rogers, when a person distorts behavior so as to make it consistent with the self, it is called
The Freudian and Rogerian views
- B) both emphasize conflict, anxiety, and defense.
For Rogers, the single most important element contributing to therapeutic change is
- B) the therapeutic atmosphere.
In a study by Tugade and Fredrickson (2004), it was found that people who experienced emotions during a stressful event experienced
stress.
How might behaviorists respond to Sartre’s claim that we have unique mental capacities that give us free will?
- C) They might disagree, on the basis that the environment is largely responsible for all behavior.
Happy people
- D) respond appropriately to stressful life events and then return to their baseline level of happiness.
Chapter 7
Which form of data relates to behavior in everyday situations?
According to Cattell, which traits represent the building blocks of personality?
Which is not a property of traits?
Allport is noteworthy in suggesting that people
Kehoe et al. found that among those high in extraversion, there was
greater activity in the insula, an area of the brain that contributes to our subjective conscious experience of emotion. Which of the following summarizes how well this fits with Eysenck’s prediction about the biological basis of extraversion?
- A) It contradicts it. According to factor analysis
- C) things that vary together are related.
According to Allport, which of the following represent the least conspicuous and generalized dispositions?
A concern with the pattern and organization of traits is seen in the work of
Factors determining psychopathology
- B) lie inside Eysenck’s range of convenience.
Which of the following statements is not true of extraverts?
- A) They do better than introverts in school. According to Eysenck,
- A) genetic factors play a major role in personality.
In one way or another, Eysenck’s views conflict with those of
Evidence in support of the biological basis for Eysenck’s dimensions comes from
The basic assumption of the trait point of view is that
- B) people possess broad predispositions to respond.
In terms of school performance
- A) introverts do better than extraverts. Which is not a dimension of Eysenck’s theory?
- B) narcissism.
The following theorists use factor analysis in their research efforts
Of the following, the dimension most important for criminals is
Allport’s emphasis on the individual is seen in his support for
- B) idiographic research. Compared to introverts, extraverts
- D) are more likely to seek diversion from job routine. Introverts are
- D) all of the above
According to Allport, to account for behavior one had to consider
Cattell’s theory asserts that traits are the building blocks of personality.
For Allport, evidence for the existence of a trait was
- A) consistency in behavior.
The dimension listed below that is not one of the dimensions emphasized by Eysenck is
- C) complexity-simplicity. Chapter 8
The text suggests that the Big Five model can integrate the work of
- C) both (a) and (b)
The text suggests that trait theory is
- A) growing in popularity.
NEO-PI data on Jim suggested that he and his wife disagreed on the trait(s) of
People may be stable in their behavior because
Cattell’s factors seem most comparable to the NEO-PI’s
Which of the following is not a likely contribution to trait stability?
- D) all of these contribute to stability.
Concerning developmental aspects of traits, research suggests a relationship between
- A) early temperament and later traits.
The NEO-PI correlates well with scores from
According to McCrae and Costa, life choices and the self-concept are formed out of
Overall, cross-cultural research on the Big Five suggests that
- C) at least three of the Big Five are universal.
Trait data on Jim brought out his
The factor that shows least cross-cultural replicability is
- D) openness to experience.
The Five-Factor Model appears to be useful in
- A) describing personality disorders. The term Big 5 comes from
- A) Goldberg.
Results from the NEO-PI would be expected to be most similar to those from the
Recent research on the five-factor model indicates that
- C) individual people may show personality tendencies that vary from the population structure
At an extreme end of a trait dimension, personality can be
Research by Twenge on historical changes in personality traits scores
five-factor theory.
Relative to older adults, adolescents and young adults score
The Five-factor model is most similar to
The NEO-PI provides for
The NEO-PI is a
The trait position suggests
Costa and McCrae argue that the NEO-PI in relation to the basic dimensions of personality is
McCrae and Costa suggest that
- C) progressions of personality development are fixed in order and time.
Chapter 9
The concept of evolved psychological mechanisms suggests that
- A) psychological mechanisms have endured because of their adaptive value.
It can be suggested that
- A) if two individuals are identical genetically, differences between them must be due to the environment.
Adoption studies offer the opportunity to gain greater insight into
The text suggests that
- A) a high heritability estimate suggests differences between the two populations studied.
Research to date suggests
- A) no one-to-one biology-personality trait correspondence.
Recent behavior-genetic research suggests evidence for
Kagan found evidence of
Which of the following tends to change in relation to winning and losing in sports?
Which of the following is not a superfactor according to Clark and
Watson?
Behavior geneticists suggest that after heredity, the greatest influence on personality is
What seemed to be the biggest reason Navy SEAL candidates failed pool competency?
- C) They couldn’t manage the super-fear of drowning.
Kagan’s research suggests that
- B) parenting can make a difference in temperament.
In a simplified form, research on twins suggest that
- C) both a and b.
Research indicates that depressed individuals have
- B) decreased left hemispheric activity.
Research suggests that
- B) biological siblings growing up in different families have similar weights.
The best interpretation of Kagan’s data is that
- A) temperament sets constraints on personality development.
The text suggests that
High scorers on DvC tend
The body of evidence to date suggests that
Evolved adaptive mechanisms are viewed as
Genetic research on personality suggests that
According to evolutionary psychology, women show greater parental investment in children than men because
- A) they can be the biological parent of fewer children.
Proximate causes refer to explanations associated with
Which of the following is accurate?
- B) if shared environments are important, biological siblings reared together will resemble their parents more than such siblings reared apart.
Research to date supports which of the following statements?
Chapter 10
Pavlov’s classical conditioning design allowed him to investigate many important phenomena. Which of the following is not one of these phenomena?
Which of the following is not a strong criticism of Skinner’s theory?
- B) It neglects to provide for measures of important concepts.
Behavioral psychologists could be expected to be critical of the psychoanalytic interpretation of the use of Little Hans because
- A) of the emphasis on unconscious wishes.
Superstitious behavior can be defined by a learning theorist as
- D) non-contingent reinforcement.
Pavlov found that the failure to distinguish between the circle and ellipse as CS resulted in
- B) experimental neurosis.
Therapist control over the relevant variables is demonstrated
According to Skinner
Pavlov suggested that thought processes
- A) were part of a second signal system.
Which of the following is not an emphasis of behavior therapy?
- B) Focus on change in core aspects of psychological functioning.
Watson and Rayner suggested that the reasons for adult fears might
- C) lie in the early traumatic experiences.
Skinnerians feel that behaviors can be imitated without being directly reinforced, but that this can only happen when
- D) the act of imitation itself has taken on the qualities of a
reinforcer.
Based on the relative permanency of effect and utility in modifying behavior, Skinner emphasized the use of reinforcement in the shaping of behavior.
According to the text, the behavior therapist would be most likely to compare his role as a therapist to that of
According to Skinner, complex behaviors are built up through
- B) successive approximations.
Pavlov’s work was suggestive to Skinner in terms of
- B) emphasizing the importance of controlling environmental conditions.
For Skinner, depression may be viewed as a result of
- B) withdrawal of positive reinforcers.
According to learning theory, whatever consistency is found in behavior is most likely the result of
- C) similarity of environmental conditions evoking the behavior.
Watson was influenced in his thinking by
According to Skinner, individuals
Skinner’s research emphasizes
- B) the study of individual organisms
The text notes that the key structural unit for the behavioral approach to personality is
Jones’s (1924) unconditioning of Peter’s fear of the rabbit is most similar to which classical conditioning technique?
- D) Systematic desensitization
The learning theory approach to psychology tends to emphasize the
approach to research.
Rorschach is to ABC as
Behavioral and trait approaches share an emphasis on
- B) empirical investigation
Chapter 11
According to Kelly, individuals seek
The Rep Test is a useful device for getting at
In relation to psychoanalysis, Kelly rejected
- B) insight and the discovery of truth.
According to Kelly, a construct
Development involves
- A) an increased ability to take distance on self and others.
Structural concepts abound in personality theories–Kelly’s included. What was the key structural concept behind Kelly’s “man the scientist”?
People have many different notions about what the goals of science are. Kelly felt that the goal of science is
- A) the development of construct systems that are helpful in anticipating events.
Kelly’s view of the person as a scientist implies that the person as an organism is essentially
- D) always trying to understand the future through an evaluation
of the present.
A problem with the Rep Test is that it is
- B) time-consuming and expensive.
As children develop, their construct system
- A) increases in hierarchical organization.
Studies of cognitive style and leadership suggest that
- C) different styles are necessary at different times.
As a scientist, Kelly viewed the person as
Kelly’s theory advocates that a person’s own personality is made up of
- A) the entire construct system.
If an anticipated event does not occur the person
- D) may do any of the above.
Although Kelly did not use a conscious-unconscious construct, he did employ a construct(s) which, in may ways, resembled (resemble) Freud’s notion of the unconscious. That construct(s) is (are)
According to Kelly, to understand a construct we must know its
Fixed-role therapy encourages clients to
Beilock et al. (2008) analyzed the brain scans of hockey experts and novices as they thought about hockey and found that:
- A) Experts’ and novices’ brains looked very similar, except that
the experts had an additional brain area become more active: the premotor cortex
Kelly’s view concerning psychopathology involves the concept of anxiety and, therefore, it is similar to that of
According to Kelly’s system whenever people feel that a major shake- up in the construct system is about to occur, they fee
The concepts of range of convenience and focus of convenience suggest that
- B) theories cover a range of phenomena and work best at points within this range.
According to Kelly we are
- D) depends on our construction of things. According to Kelly, a theory has
- C) a range of convenience and a focus of convenience.
Though Kelly’s theory does not enable one to make predictions about the biology underlying construct systems, what might we he predict concerning the brain differences between experts and novices?
- A) Experts should have more complex brain systems.
The following quote from the text is Kelly’s definition of . It “is the recognition that the events with which one is confronted lie outside the range of convenience of one’s construct system.”
Chapter 12
Which of the following statements best describe the social cognitive theory approach to personality assessment, specifically, their approach to assessing perceived self-efficacy?
- A) self-efficacy perceptions should be assessed using self-report
measures that describe specific situations individuals will confront.
The point of Cervone and Peake’s research on anchoring, self-efficacy, and behavior was that
- B) self-efficacy judgments causally influence behavior.
A major theme is Bandura’s work is that people
The fact that children learn so many behaviors through television can probably best be explained by
- D) Bandura’s observational learning.
Social cognitive theorists are critical of earlier learning theories because of their
- A) neglect of cognitive variables.
Social cognitive theory recognizes that people differ not only because of their different emotions and motives, but because of their different
Observed consequences to a model most affect
- B) performance of responses.
According to social cognitive theory, goals
- C) allow us to organize behavior over extended periods of time.
The major difference between social cognitive theory and other learning approaches (e.g., Skinner) is that social learning theory
- B) emphasizes learning in the absence of reinforcement.
Research by Shoda, Wright, and Mischel reveals that aggressive behavior
- C) varies from one situation to another.
Bandura’s view of motivation involves
Bandura’s microanalytic research strategy emphasizes
- C) situation-specific measures.
Like Kelly’s personal construct theory, social cognitive theorists believe that much human thought and action is
- A) future-oriented.
goals usually have a stronger influence on behavior than do
goals.
- C) proximal; distal
In Michel’s delay of gratification paradigm, children get a large reward if they
- A) wait for a designated period of time.
Research by Bandura and Cervone indicates the goals and feedback affect behavior by influencing
Social cognitive theory has roots in
The text notes that social cognitive theory is most similar to
- E) c and d.
refers to what people think will happen, whereas refer to what people think should happen.
- C) expectancies; standards
The text notes that a defining characteristic of persons involves persons’
A central idea of the CAPS model is that
- A) variability in behavior is an important aspect of personality.
According to social cognitive theory, the process of reciprocal determinism suggests that
According to Bandura, a person will try harder if
- C) perceived self-efficacy suggests a chance for success.
In research conducted by Bandura and Cervone, on factors that increase motivation, results indicated that motivation is most strongly enhanced when people
People’s goals generally
- A) are organized in a hierarchical system. Chapter 13
Work by the psychologist Tory Higgins on self-concept, self- discrepancies, and emotion indicates that people tend to feel when they experience a discrepancy between the .
- A) anxious; actual and ought self
People generally possess self-schema.
The brain imaging research of D’Argembeau et al. (2009) reveals that two areas of the brain are more active when thinking about goals, relative to when thinking non-goal-related thoughs: the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). The relevance of the PCC is that it is an area of the brain that is associated with:
- A) autobiographical memory
Lazarus’ concept of secondary appraisal is similar to
- B) Bandura’s self-efficacy concept.
Schemas tend to change
- B) very slowly, if at all.
Cognitive structures concerning the self are known as
Self-guides are similar to Bandura’s
RET stands for Ellis’
- B) rational emotive therapy.
Rational Emotive Therapy, Cognitive Restructuring, and Beck’s therapy for depression are examples of
- C) cognitive behavior therapies.
According to Markus, self-schemas
- D) influence what we can recall.
The brain imaging research of D’Argembeau et al. (2009) reveals that two areas of the brain are more active when thinking about goals, relative to when thinking non-goal-related thoughs: the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). The relevance of the MPFC is that it is an area of the brain that is associated with:
- B) thinking about an event’s relevance to the self
Which of the following is not a shared assumption among cognitive therapies?
- D) All of the above are shared.
The working self-concept refers to
- C) information in working memory
Once we have developed self-schemas there is a
According to research, people who have beliefs
concerning emotion should be better at regulating emotions than those with beliefs, because they tend to be more likely to experience social support.
Bandura’s research on treatments for phobia reveals that the psychological mechanism mediating treatment effects is
Evaluation of what is at stake occurs in
According to Markus, having relevant self-schemata
- C) means that one will resist certain types of information.
Various attributions may have different motivational consequences. Attributing course performance to fixed intelligence would lead one to
- A) feel less motivated after poor performance.
Research by Bandura and his colleagues that investigated the effectiveness of various therapy techniques for treating snake phobias found that the most powerful treatment for these phobias is
- D) live modeling with participation (participant modeling).
Cognitive therapy attempts to change
In Stress Innoculation Training, relapse is prevented by
The contemporary ideas of schemas is found in the philosophical writings of the German philosopher
In Higgins’ research, ought and ideal standards were
In Markus’ self-schema measure, a person is said to be schematic with regard to a personality attribute if they
- A) give a very high or low rating on the attribute.
Chapter 14
Rejection sensitivity involves primarily
Compared in Western nations, in Asian cultures self concept is
Research by Elder et al. on ill-temperedness stresses the importance of
- D) sociohistorical context.
The RSQ measures
- D) rejection sensitivity.
Research based on the KAPA model of personality architecture reveals personality consistency across
- A) idiosyncratic sets of situations.
Research based on the KAPA model of personality architecture is
strongly
Having feelings towards someone that are based on experiences from someone else in your past is called
The text suggests that issues of culture
- B) are of central importance to the study of personality.
Research by Ayduk et al. demonstrates that people can control their emotions regarding interpersonal relationships by focusing on
- B) cool aspects of the past experience.
Transference
Research in academic settings reveals that defensive pessimists
optimists.
Research investigating native people’s of Bali indicates that in this nation
- A) personal names are not used as frequently as in Western nations.
Research by Caspi et al. shows that socioeconomic status
- B) influences personality outcomes.
People who strategically use negative thinking to motivate themselves are called
A key feature of research by Downey and Feldman is that rejection sensitivity
- A) predicted outcomes after controlling for other personality variables.
Susan Andersen and colleagues explain transference in terms of
- B) basic social-cognitive processes.
Baltes’ analysis of selection processes has been applied mainly to issues of personality and
- B) older adult development.
Based on Andersen’s research, people are more likely to exhibit false- positive memories when a new person they encounter
- A) resembles a significant past acquaintance.
The effects of strategies such as optimism and defensive pessimism are most apparent
- B) during life transitions.
A personality style involving anxious expectations of rejection is called
- C) rejection sensitivity.
Research by Elder et al. on ill-temperedness finds that, among men, this personality variable
- B) has life effects as large as the effects of SES (socioeconomic status).
It has been found that, among defensive pessimists
Research indicates that older adults show very high levels of
Research based on the KAPA model of personality architecture demonstrates that people have consistently high self-efficacy appraisal across situations
- B) linked to positive self-schemas.
People in India have been found to be less likely to attribute causes of actions to
- A) personality characteristics.
1.
Research by Ayduk et al. demonstrates the importance of
A) goals.
B) schemas.
C) attentional focus. D) expectations.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
2.
Socioemotional selectivity theory suggest that awareness of is
important to development. A) one’s life span
B) one’s social group
C) one’s nation of origin
D) one’s parental influences
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
3.
Research by Ayduk et al. demonstrates that people can control their emotions regarding interpersonal relationships by focusing on
A) hot aspects of the past experience. B) cool aspects of the past experience. C) their level of rejection sensitivity.
D) their internal feelings of anger.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
4.
A key feature of research by Downey and Feldman is that rejection sensitivity
A) predicted outcomes after controlling for other personality variables. B) did not predict outcomes after controlling for other personality
variables.
C) did not predict outcomes at all.
D) was unrelated to other personality variables.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
5.
Work by Downey and Feldman documents the impact of rejection sensitivity on
A) academic performance. B) neuroticism.
C) relationship outcomes. D) schizophrenia.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
6.
Research on personality development shows that the effects of impulsivity
A) are basically good.
B) are bad no matter where you live.
C) are worse if you live in high SES neighborhoods. D) are worse if you live in low SES neighborhoods.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
7.
Research by Elder et al. on ill-temperedness stresses the importance of
A) evolution.
B) television influences on personality. C) early-childhood conflicts.
D) sociohistorical context.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
8.
Research based on the KAPA model of personality architecture is strongly
A) nomothetic. B) idiographic.
C) physiological. D) evolutionary.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
9.
In recent years, personality psychologists have focused on personality factors in
A) laboratory settings.
B) stimulus-response situations. C) psychoanalytic encounters. D) close relationships.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
10.
Baltes’ analysis of selection processes has been applied mainly to issues of personality and
A) marketing.
B) older adult development. C) child development.
D) memory.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
11.
Andersen’s research on transference is based on a(n)
strategy.
A) case study
B) experimental
C) correlational
D) none of the above
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
In Eastern cultures, people experience greater intrinsic motivation when tasks
A) are chosen by an authority figure. B) are chosen by oneself.
C) are not very challenging.
D) are performed on a salary basis.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
13.
The text suggests that issues of culture
A) of only small important to the study of personality.
B) are of central importance to the study of personality.
C) can be studied adequately by importing US research methods to other cultures.
D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
14.
Research based on the KAPA model of personality architecture demonstrates that
A) personality is not consistent across situations.
B) personality is consistent in the manner trait theory had anticipated. C) personality consistency is driven by mood states.
D) social-cognitive analyses can illuminate questions of cross- situational consistency.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
15.
Research by Caspi et al. shows that socioeconomic status
A) is genetically determined.
B) influences personality outcomes. C) is socially determined.
D) does not influence personality outcomes. E) c and d.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
16.
It has been found that, among defensive pessimists
A) expectations for GPA strongly predict actual GPA.
B) academic self-discrepancies negatively influence performance. C) negativity of plans negatively predict performance.
D) all of the above.
E) none of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct E
Answer(s):
17.
To disentangle cause and effect in the study of real-life personality development, it is necessary to engage in research.
A) correlational B) experimental C) case study
D) longitudinal
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
18.
The quote from Clifford Geertz suggests that
A) personality influences culture. B) culture influences personality.
C) culture is unimportant to personality.
D) there is no such thing as human nature without culture.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
19.
Work by Caspi, Lynam, Elder, et al. on personality development shows that personality outcomes
A) are genetically determined. B) reflect social influenced.
C) reflect interactions between personality and social setting. D) are unpredictable.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
20.
Having feelings towards someone that are based on experiences from someone else in your past is called
A) transference
B) rejection sensitivity
C) self-verification
D) self-enhancement
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
21.
Research on day-to-day interactions by Gable, Reis, and Downey finds that
A) the only important factor in interpersonal relationships is physical attraction.
B) inaccurate interpretations of a relationships partner influence the quality of relationships.
C) people are basically accurate in their perceptions of relationship partners.
D) personality has surprisingly little impact on interpersonal relationships.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
22.
Rejection sensitivity is
A) not a personality variables.
B) a global, decontextualized personality variable. C) a contextualized personality variable.
D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
23.
People who employ selection and optimization strategies
A) become confused from all the psychological work involved. B) are more depressed.
C) subsequently become more depressed. D) experience greater well-being.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
24.
The idea that personality and culture are mutually constitutive means that
A) personality influences culture. B) culture influences personality.
C) personality and culture make each other up.
D) personality and culture are independent forces.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
25.
Research on the priming of cultural concepts by Hong et al. suggests that culture can be understood within a framework.
A) social-cognitive B) psychoanalytic C) trait theory
D) none of the above
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
1.
In Higgins’ research, ought and ideal standards were
A) primed. B) traits.
C) self-guided.
D) self-efficacious.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
2.
People generally possess self-schema. A) one
B) three
C) no (i.e., none) D) many
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
3.
are knowledge structures that guide and organize information processing
A) schemas
B) performance goals
C) learning goals
D) self-efficacy perceptions
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
4.
Lazarus’ concept of secondary appraisal is similar to
A) Freud’s superego.
B) Bandura’s self-efficacy concept. C) Rogers’ self-actualization motive. D) Beck’s cognitive triad.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
5.
Research by Swann indicates that strongly prefer positive feedback about the self.
A) all people
B) depressed people
C) people with positive self-views
D) people with negative self-views
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
6.
According to Markus, having relevant self-schemata
A) makes the judgment of relevant adjectives more difficult. B) leads one to be more narcissistic.
C) means that one will resist certain types of information.
D) means that one can judge the relevance of all adjectives rapidly.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
Bandura’s approach to therapy emphasizes
A) mastery experiences.
B) conditioning processes. C) rational discussion.
D) cognitive restructuring.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
8.
Work by the psychologist Tory Higgins on self-concept, self- discrepancies, and emotion indicates that people tend to feel when they experience a discrepancy between the .
A) anxious; actual and ought self
B) depressed; actual and ought self
C) anxious; actual and ideal self
D) depressed; ideal and ought self
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
9.
Schemas tend to change
A) very quickly.
B) very slowly, if at all. C) never.
D) whenever people become aware of them.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
10.
Which of the following is a coping mechanism described by Lazarus? A) problem-focused coping.
B) emotion-focused coping. C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
11.
In Markus’ self-schema measure, a person is said to be schematic with regard to a personality attribute if they
A) give a very high or low rating on the attribute.
B) are unaware that the attribute is important to them.
C) have increased brain activity in the Amygdala on an fMRI.
D) draw that personality component into a self-schematic measure.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
The cognitive triad involves views concerning
A) self, world, and future.
B) communists, criminals, and conglomerates. C) development, pathology, and change.
D) I should, I ought, and I must.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
13.
A method is one that measures the duration required for someone to give a response.
A) projective
B) peer report
C) reaction-time
D) all of the above
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
14.
Self-guides are similar to Bandura’s
A) self-efficacy beliefs.
B) cognitive competencies. C) standards.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
15.
A self-guide involving duties or obligations in the
A) efficacious self. B) ought self.
C) ideal self.
D) learning goal self.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
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Correct B
Answer(s):
16.
In Dweck’s research, beliefs that we cannot state in words are called
A) implicit theories.
B) submerged theories. C) explicit theories.
D) repressed theories.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
17.
Self schemas are
A) derived from past experience.
B) guides for the processing of information.
C) generalizations concerning the self. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
18.
Various attributions may have different motivational consequences. Attributing course performance to fixed intelligence would lead one to
A) feel less motivated after poor performance. B) feel more motivated after poor performance.
C) be in conflict about future performance expectations.
D) Such an attribution would not affect subsequent motivation.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
19.
Research on sexual self-schema suggests that women with high scores
A) are more sexually active.
B) experience less sexual pleasure. C) both a and b.
D) neither a nor b.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
20.
Bandura’s research on phobias employed measures of phobic behavior
A) self-report B) peer report C) behavioral D) none
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
21.
The contemporary ideas of schemas is found in the philosophical writings of the German philosopher
A) Kant. B) Hume. C) Voltaire. D) Sartre.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
22.
In research on changes in phobia behavior, self-efficacy perceptions show correlation with actual behavior
A) a strong negative B) a strong positive C) an inconsistent
D) no
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
23.
The best way of increasing self-efficacy is by
A) talking to a therapist. B) convincing oneself.
C) thinking of past successes. D) mastery experiences.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
24.
According to research, people who have beliefs
concerning emotion should be better at regulating emotions than those with beliefs, because they tend to be more likely to experience social support.
A) entity; incremental
B) self-efficacy; incremental
C) incremental; entity
D) self-efficacy; entity
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
25.
Mental structures that allow us quickly to interpret complex stimuli are called
A) standards. B) goals.
C) schemas.
D) expectancies.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
1.
The text notes that Bandura has criticized theories of learning that place complete reliance on the concept of reinforcement for the following reason(s)
A) They fail to account for complex behaviors that are immediately learned in their entirety.
B) They fail to account for behaviors learned in the absence of rewards to the model or to the observer.
C) They fail to account for the first appearance of behaviors weeks after they have been learned.
D) All of the above are reasons.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
2.
In research conducted by Bandura and Cervone, on factors that increase motivation, results indicated that motivation is most strongly enhanced when people
A) are working toward specific goals, but do not receive any feedback on their performance, since the feedback can distract them from performing at their best.
B) receive feedback on their performance but do not receive any specific goals to work toward, since goals can distract people from performing at their best.
C) do not receive either goals or feedback on their performance. D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
3.
Social cognitive personality theorists are critical of approaches that emphasize
A) unconscious forces. B) traits.
C) drives.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
4.
Research by Bandura and Cervone indicates the goals and feedback affect behavior by influencing
A) observational learning.
B) self-efficacy perceptions. C) self-evaluative reactions. D) b and c.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
5.
Behavioral signatures consist of
A) aggregates across situations.
B) profiles of situation-behavior relationships. C) generalized expectancies.
D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
6.
In social cognitive theory, one of the ways in which self-regulation is achieved is
A) through the use of external rewards. B) through the use of external cues.
C) through the use of internal standards and self-evaluation. D) through the use of internal cues.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
Social cognitive theorists are critical of earlier learning theories because of their
A) neglect of cognitive variables. B) emphasis on rewards.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
8.
A is a criterion for judging the goodness or worth of a person or thing.
A) performance goal
B) learning goal
C) self-efficacy perception
D) evaluative standard
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
9.
A central idea of the CAPS model is that
A) variability in behavior is an important aspect of personality. B) the key determinant of behavior is self-efficacy.
C) most behavior is acquired through modeling or observational learning.
D) people’s trait are stable across different situations.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
10.
Expectations generally
A) are inherited.
B) vary from situation to situation. C) cannot be stated in words.
D) are consistent from situation to situation.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
11.
According to social cognitive theory, goal-directed behavior can be explained in terms of
A) performance standards. B) feedback information.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
The major difference between social cognitive theory and other learning approaches (e.g., Skinner) is that social learning theory
A) emphasizes developmental principles.
B) emphasizes learning in the absence of reinforcement. C) emphasizes imitative behavior.
D) minimizes the role of reinforcement in performance.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
13.
Bandura’s view of motivation involves
A) goals.
B) performance feedback. C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
14.
Experiments (outlined in the text) which show that a subject can develop a conditioned response through the observation of another person (model) being conditioned are taken as evidence of
A) vicarious conditioning. B) negative modeling.
C) reverse modeling.
D) identification with the conditioner.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
15.
The fact that children learn so many behaviors through television can probably best be explained by
A) Skinnerian operant conditioning. B) Freudian psychoanalytic theory. C) Pavlovian classical conditioning.
D) Bandura’s observational learning.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
16.
A feature that differentiates social cognitive theory from behaviorism is the two theories’ different views of
A) the importance of experimentation.
B) the importance of experiences in the social environment. C) personality trait variables.
D) expectancies.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
Research reveals that playing violent video games
A) increase people’s aggression. B) lower people’s aggression.
C) has no influence on people’s aggression. D) lower people’s verbal skills.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
18.
The text notes that a defining characteristic of persons involves persons’
A) language and reasoning abilities. B) capacity for self-reflection.
C) capacity to think about the future. D) all of the above.
E) none of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
19.
The text notes that social cognitive theory is most similar to
A) behaviorism. B) trait theory.
C) phenomenological theory. D) personal construct theory. E) c and d.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct E
Answer(s):
20.
Bandura’s microanalytic research strategy emphasizes
A) computer generated profiles. B) if-then behavior profiles.
C) situation-specific measures.
D) the use of strategic expectancies.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
21.
Like Kelly’s personal construct theory, social cognitive theorists believe that much human thought and action is
A) future-oriented.
B) influenced by submerged constructs. C) determined by childhood events.
D) determined by environmental rewards.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
Casey et al.’s (2011) research linking the ability to delay gratification in childhood to brain activity during adulthood revealed that relative to those high in the ability, those low in the ability had:
A) greater activation in the frontal lobes and in the striatum
B) greater activation in the frontal lobes and lower activation in the striatum
C) lower activation in the frontal lobes and in the striatum
D) lower activation in the frontal lobes and greater activation in the striatum
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
23.
People’s goals generally
A) are organized in a hierarchical system. B) do not change over periods of time.
C) cannot be stated in words. D) are unconscious.
E) c and d.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
24.
According to social cognitive theory, effortful performance is most enhanced when
A) goals and feedback are present. B) a relaxed atmosphere prevails. C) incentives are high.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
25.
Which of the following items could appear on a scale measuring moral disengagement?
A) “Cheating on an exam is justified when individuals don’t have the time to study because of family obligations.”
B) “Plagiarizing a term paper is okay if it’s for a class that is not part of your academic major.”
C) both ‘a’ and ‘b.’
D) neither ‘a’ nor ‘b.’
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
1.
As a scientist, Kelly viewed the person as
A) basically good. B) basically active. C) basically evil.
D) a “tabula rasa” (blank slate).
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
2.
In relation to psychoanalysis, Kelly rejected
A) Freud as a clinician.
B) insight and the discovery of truth. C) both a and b.
D) neither a nor b.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
3.
A construct is a way of A) perceiving the world. B) interpreting events. C) construing.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
4.
Prior to international crises, communications between nations in conflict tend to be
A) concrete. B) complex. C) preverbal.
D) submerged.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
5.
If an anticipated event does not occur the person
A) may develop a new construct.
B) may loosen a construct.
C) may reorganize the construct system. D) may do any of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
6.
For Kelly, the response to threat may be
A) regression. B) confusion.
C) growth-development. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
7.
The concepts of range of convenience and focus of convenience suggest that
A) it is more convenient to use some theories for some things and other theories for other things.
B) theories cover a range of phenomena and work best at points within this range.
C) different theories work well with many research methods and best with some.
D) different theories work well with many assessment techniques and best with some.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
8.
The Rep Test is a useful device for getting at
A) personal meanings.
B) unconscious meanings. C) personality traits.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
9.
Fixed-role therapy assumes that people
A) have unconscious motives. B) are what they do.
C) seek self-actualization. D) seek certainty.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
10.
For Kelly, anxiety is
A) the result of internal threat.
B) the result of invalidated constructs.
C) the result of not having constructs for a situation. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
11.
According to Kelly, a construct
A) always has two poles. B) is not always verbal. C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
12.
Kelly’s theory wasn’t equipped to make predictions about the brain systems that underlie construct systems. What would he make of this failing?
A) He would definitely get defensive and suggest that his theory is still right, because it wasn’t meant to be a biological theory.
B) He would admit that the biological findings are outside of his range of convenience and that the theory itself should either be improved or abandoned.
C) He would admit that his theory is absolutely wrong in its predictions and that it should be abandoned immediately.
D) He would say that his theory is still absolutely right because some of its predictions are true.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
13.
According to Kelly, individuals seek
A) consistency. B) certainty.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
14.
Kelly felt that people function the way they do in order to
A) expand and validate the construct system. B) avoid pain.
C) obtain reinforcement. D) both (a) and (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
15.
Kelly suggested that a problem with psychologists is
A) they do not assume people act on the same basis they do.
B) they believe in absolute truths.
C) they reject the value of subjective, personal knowledge. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
16.
According to Kelly, a theory has
A) reliability and validity.
B) loose and tight constructs.
C) a range of convenience and a focus of convenience. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
17.
The suggestion may be made that constructs most likely
A) facilitate experience and recall. B) determine experience and recall.
C) are unrelated to experience and recall. D) interfere with experience and recall.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
18.
According to Kelly, psychopathology is a
A) disordered response to anxiety.
B) disordered functioning of the construct system. C) faulty effort to reestablish prediction.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
19.
Which of the following is true of Kelly’s theory? A) It is based on clinical experience.
B) It is behavioral.
C) It is based on laboratory research. D) It uses questionnaires.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
20.
Kelly’s view of the person as a scientist implies that the person as an organism is essentially
A) always trying to understand the present through an evaluation of the past.
B) always trying to understand the present through an evaluation of
the present.
C) always trying to understand the past through an evaluation of the future.
D) always trying to understand the future through an evaluation of the present.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
21.
Although Kelly did not use a conscious-unconscious construct, he did employ a construct(s) which, in may ways, resembled (resemble) Freud’s notion of the unconscious. That construct(s) is (are)
A) verbal construct.
B) preverbal construct. C) submerged construct. D) both (b) and (c).
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
22.
The following quote from the text is Kelly’s definition of . It “is the recognition that the events with which one is confronted lie outside the range of convenience of one’s construct system.”
A) frustration B) invalidation C) anxiety
D) incongruity
Points Earned: 1.0/1
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Correct C
Answer(s):
23.
As children develop, their construct system
A) increases in hierarchical organization. B) increases in permeability.
C) increases in dilation. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
24.
According to Kelly’s system whenever people feel that a major shake- up in the construct system is about to occur, they feel
A) anxiety. B) threat.
C) frustration. D) fear.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
25.
Studies of cognitive style and leadership suggest that
A) cognitive complexity is best. B) cognitive simplicity is best.
C) different styles are necessary at different times.
D) no conclusions can be drawn because of the complexity of international events.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
1.
According to learning theory, whatever consistency is found in behavior is most likely the result of
A) similarity of neural pathways handling the different impulses. B) a limited or constricted response repertoire.
C) similarity of environmental conditions evoking the behavior.
D) the various behaviors being under the control of the same or similar ergs.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
2.
Skinnerians would not favor systematic desensitization because
A) it emphasizes specific behaviors. B) it emphasizes mental imagery.
C) it emphasizes anxiety. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
3.
The principle of self-control in behavioral technology is that
A) the individual is able to tolerate delay of gratification.
B) the individual learns new escape and avoidance responses. C) the individual gains control over his own reinforcers.
D) each individual should control his own behavior.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
4.
Skinner question the idea that people
A) have free will.
B) learn from environmental experiences. C) can think.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
5.
According to Skinner, qualities of learned behavior are influenced by reinforcer
A) fixed time intervals.
B) intermittent time intervals. C) variable schedules.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
6.
Behavioral assessment
A) generally is tied to treatment objectives.
B) generally assumes the existence of some person variables. C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
7.
Behavioral assessment is associated with theories that
A) emphasize the interplay among motives. B) emphasize hierarchical structure.
C) emphasize perception as an active process. D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
8.
The learning theory account for psychotherapy is that individuals are not mentally sick, but rather
A) they are mentally ill.
B) they have failed to learn a response or they have learned a maladaptive response.
C) they are physically sick.
D) they suffer from stimulus generalization and response constriction.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
9.
The text notes that the key structural unit for the behavioral approach to personality is
A) the response. B) the stimulus.
C) the S-R association. D) the erg.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
10.
Skinner called emitted responses
A) habits.
B) S-R bonds. C) drives.
D) operants.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
11.
Behaviorists generally believe that
A) it is possible to generalize from the laboratory to real life. B) one cannot generalize from rats to humans.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
12.
Situational specificity in behavior might be due to
A) extinction.
B) generalization. C) discrimination.
D) intermittent reinforcement.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
13.
The learning theory approach to psychology tends to emphasize the
approach to research. A) univariate
B) multivariate C) correlational D) experimental
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
14.
Behavioral approaches to personality are critical of trait approaches for their emphasis on
A) systematic investigation. B) use of verbal report.
C) principles of learning. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
15.
Watson was influenced in his thinking by
A) Hull.
B) Pavlov. C) Skinner. D) Tolman.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
16.
According to the text, many psychologists with a behavioral orientation are turning to an emphasis on in behavior and on minimizing the importance of individual differences in personality.
A) internal events, inside the organism
B) situational specificity C) computer analogies D) unconscious forces
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
17.
Which of the following is not an emphasis of behavior therapy? A) Experimental manipulations of variables.
B) Focus on change in core aspects of psychological functioning. C) Environmental stimuli that cause and maintain behavior.
D) Alteration of responses by direct means.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
18.
According to Skinner, complex behaviors are built up through
A) observational learning.
B) successive approximations. C) classical conditioning.
D) intermittent reinforcement.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
19.
Skinnerians feel that behaviors can be imitated without being directly reinforced, but that this can only happen when
A) the behavioral response is already within the child’s repertory of behaviors.
B) the model receives reinforcement for the behavior to be imitated. C) the child has had no previous experience with unreinforced
imitations.
D) the act of imitation itself has taken on the qualities of a reinforcer.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
20.
Therapist control over the relevant variables is demonstrated
A) in the corrective emotional experience. B) with the ABA design.
C) with the ABC method. D) with the NEO.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
21.
Behavioral assessment is illustrative of the
A) sign approach.
B) sample approach.
C) nomothetic approach.
D) construct validity approach.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
22.
Watson’s work with conditioning a fear response to furry objects with Little Albert is an example of the potential for conditioning to play a considerable role in the development of certain types of pathology.
A) classical
B) instrumental
C) operant
D) integration
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
23.
Superstitious behavior can be defined by a learning theorist as
A) doing something and not knowing why.
B) a behavioral deficit which only shows up in unusual situations. C) doing something for good luck.
D) non-contingent reinforcement.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
24.
Behavioral psychologists could be expected to be critical of the psychoanalytic interpretation of the use of Little Hans because
A) of the emphasis on unconscious wishes. B) of the emphasis on anxiety.
C) of the emphasis on behaviors learned from their father. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
25.
A critical difference between psychoanalytic and behavioral interpretations of psychopathology is
A) one emphasizes learning, the other does not.
B) one emphasizes the organization of responses, the other does not. C) one emphasizes anxiety, the other does not.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
1.
Which of the following is not true?
A) Genetic factors account for the majority of personality.
B) Nongenetic factors are mainly responsible for environmental differences.
C) Family experiences are important. D) All of the above are true.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
2.
Work by Eagly and Wood on men’s and women’s mate preferences in different nations finds that
A) preferences are the same in all countries, as evolutionary psychologists would have predicted.
B) preferences are the same in all countries, contrary to the predictions of evolutionary psychologists.
C) sex differences are smaller in countries in which men and women have similar social roles.
D) sex differences are larger in countries in which men and women have similar social roles.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
3.
According to the research to date, for most personality characteristics one would expect
A) biological siblings to be more similar than adopted siblings. B) adopted children to be more similar to adopted parents than
biological parents.
C) males to be more similar to one another than females. D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
4.
After Clive Waring lost his memory,
A) he also lost his ability to play the piano.
B) he lost the ability to read music, but could play by ear.
C) he could read music, but could no longer sing along as he played the piano.
D) he could still play the piano almost as well as he could before his brain injury.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
5.
In the study of maze-bright and maze-dull rats, it was found that
A) an enriched environment helped dull rats but not bright rats.
B) an impoverished environment hurt bright rats but not dull rats.
C) both a and b.
D) neither a nor b.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
6.
According to Clark and Watson, which of the following is associated with a willingness to engage the environment?
A) PE. B) NE. C) C.
D) DvC.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
7.
According to Buss, evolved psychological mechanisms
A) are always adaptive.
B) may not fit current living conditions. C) are the same for all genders.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
8.
Evidence to date suggests that A) criminals are made, not born. B) criminals are born, not made.
C) introversion is strongly associated with criminality. D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
9.
Kagan improved on early temperament research in his use of
A) factor analysis.
B) objective measures. C) parental ratings.
D) longitudinal research.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
10.
Which of the following is not a figure in the history of temperament theory?
A) Galen. B) Gall.
C) Kretschmer.
D) All of the above
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
11.
Behavior geneticists suggest that after heredity, the greatest influence on personality is
A) shared environment. B) parents.
C) early experience.
D) nonshared environment.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
Which of the following would be suggested by trait theorists as important for group survival?
A) agreeableness. B) openness.
C) extraversion.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
13.
Hamer describes as the “feel bad” chemical. A) dopamine.
B) serotonin. C) cortisol.
D) epinephrine.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
14.
Heritability estimates might differ if
A) different populations were studied. B) different measures of h2 were used.
C) different aspects of the same trait were studied. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
15.
Parenthood probability theory leads
A) females to be more concerned about rivals than males. B) males to be more concerned about rivals than females. C) males and females to be equally concerned about rivals. D) to genetic counseling procedures.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
16.
Recent behavior-genetic research suggests evidence for
A) peer-peer rating agreement. B) self-peer rating agreement.
C) support for genetic influences on the Big Five. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
17.
What seemed to be the biggest reason Navy SEAL candidates failed pool competency?
A) The weren’t strong enough swimmers.
B) They didn’t have enough body fat to manage the frigid water. C) They couldn’t manage the super-fear of drowning.
D) They didn’t have the intellectual ability to learn the dive tables.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
18.
Recent research suggests that children from the same family are so different because of
A) different genes.
B) nonshared environmental influences. C) both a and b.
D) neither a nor b.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
19.
According to evolutionary psychology, women show greater parental investment in children than men because
A) they can be the biological parent of fewer children. B) of a maternal instinct.
C) both a and b.
D) neither a nor b.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
20.
Two traits show similar heritability estimates, therefore
A) their phenotypes are to the same extent genetically determined. B) subgroups within each population will show the same average
scores on the trait.
C) two individuals randomly selected from the two groups will be alike on the trait.
D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
21.
According to Davidson,
A) individual differences in lateralization begin in adulthood. B) are important for individual differences in mood.
C) both a and b.
D) neither a nor b.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
22.
Which of the following is not a method used to establish genetic- behavior relationships?
A) selective breeding. B) twin studies.
C) adoption studies. D) DNS studies.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
23.
The best interpretation of Kagan’s data is that
A) temperament sets constraints on personality development.
B) temperament can be completely altered by the environment. C) temperament is fixed in childhood.
D) environment sets constraints on temperament development.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
24.
The text suggests that
A) a high heritability estimate suggests differences between the two populations studied.
B) a high heritability estimate suggests the relevant trait is fairly fixed. C) both a and b.
D) neither a nor b.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
25.
The concept of heritability estimate refers to
A) the proportion of individual differences due to genes.
B) the proportion of a characteristic in an individual due to genes. C) the proportion of group differences due to genes.
D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
1.
Which of the following is not a basis for support for the five factor model?
A) results from questionnaires. B) results from projective tests. C) results from ratings.
D) all of the above provide support.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
2.
The best measure of OCEAN is
A) EPI. B) 16PF.
C) NEO-PI.
D) water jug test.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
3.
Critics of trait theory mostly focus on the problem of
A) cross-situational consistency. B) longitudinal consistency.
C) multivariate research.
D) hierarchical organization.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
4.
Which is not a strength of trait theory?
A) investigation of relationships among many variables. B) emphasis on multiple research strategies.
C) development of assessment devices. D) development of static concepts.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
5.
The Five-factor model is most similar to
A) Allport. B) Eysenck. C) Cattell. D) Mischel.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
6.
According to Ashton and colleagues’ analyses, what sixth factor did proponents of the Big Five miss?
A) Openness.
B) Honesty/humility. C) Conscientiousness. D) Psychoticism.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
7.
According to the concept of intrinsic maturation, personality traits are
A) largely uninfluenced by the environment. B) largely influenced by the environment.
C) unpredictable in their development.
D) developed out of characteristic adaptations.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
8.
The Five-Factor Model appears to be useful in
A) describing personality disorders. B) explaining personality disorders. C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
9.
Laboratory situations are problematic for the study of traits because
A) they emphasize one variable at a time.
B) the results don’t agree with questionnaire results.
C) they restrict the range of individual differences. D) they are low in reliability.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
10.
Which of the following is not one of the Big 5? A) conscientiousness.
B) honesty.
C) neuroticism.
D) agreeableness.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
The evidence is best that people behave consistently
A) within domains of situations. B) across domains of situations. C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
12.
Concerning the number of basic trait factors, A) five is just about right.
B) some suggest more and some suggest fewer.
C) ultimately factor analysis will tell us exactly how many is best. D) it all depends on the subject being studied.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
13.
Cattell’s factors seem most comparable to the NEO-PI’s
A) factors. B) facets. C) items.
D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
14.
The NEO-PI is a
A) projective test. B) questionnaire. C) disguised test.
D) instructional test.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
15.
Differences between self- and observer-ratings of the Big Five have been observed for traits that are not highly:
A) socially desirable
B) descriptive
C) visible
D) a and c
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
16.
According to the fundamental lexical hypothesis
A) language determines thinking.
B) language determines behavior.
C) language expresses observations. D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
17.
DeYoung and colleagues (2010) were able to identify brain regions correlated with variations in Big Five traits. Your textbook authors note that one reason one must exercise caution when interpreting these results is that “the brains’ various regions are enormously interconnected.” What did they mean by this?
A) The connectivity makes it difficult to figure out whether variations in brain volume caused variations in traits or vice-versa.
B) The connectivity suggests that studying the brain, even with an MRI, will always lead one to draw false conclusions about traits.
C) The connectivity makes focusing on more than one brain area problematic because only one brain area is ever active during a given complex task.
D) The connectivity makes focusing on one brain area problematic because several brain areas are active during a given complex task.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
18.
A limitation of trait theory is that it
A) does not get at individual differences.
B) investigates but few variables at a time. C) uses static rather than dynamic concepts.
D) cannot integrate science and religion the way Rogers did.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
19.
Studies on animal personality suggest
A) fundamental differences between human and chimp personality structures.
B) personality descriptions of other species express anthropomorphizing.
C) non-primates have the same personality structure as humans.
D) there is evidence for continuity of personality structure among the species.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
20.
The person responsible for the fundamental lexical hypothesis is
A) Allport. B) Eysenck. C) Goldberg. D) Costa.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
21.
The NEO-PI correlates well with scores from
A) Eysenck’s inventories
B) the 16PF. C) the Q-sort. D) all of these.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
22.
DeYoung and colleagues (2010) were able to identify brain regions correlated with variations in Big Five traits. Can they claim that variations in volume of the brain regions caused variations in the Big Five?
A) Yes, because MRI evidence enables one to identify brain regions that cause behavior.
B) Yes, because past research indicates that the direction of causality is always from brain to behavior.
C) No, because MRI evidence is infamously unreliable.
D) No, because correlation does not enable one to establish the direction of causality.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
23.
McCrae and Costa suggest that
A) progressions of personality development depend on culture. B) progressions of personality development depend on historical
context.
C) progressions of personality development are fixed in order and time. D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
24.
The factor that shows least cross-cultural replicability is
A) neuroticism. B) extraversion.
C) conscientiousness.
D) openness to experience.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
25.
Concerning the convergence between ratings using self-report and observer-report, three major findings have emerged. Which is NOT one of them?
A) self-report and observer-report are correlated
B) observer-report and observer-report are correlated
C) self-report ratings are always more accurate
D) observer reports are sometimes more accurate than self-reports
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
1.
Which of the following statements is true?
A) Extraverts are less suggestible than introverts.
B) Introverts are less sensitive to pain than extraverts.
C) Criminals are high on extraversion but low on neuroticism and psychotocism.
D) Introverts are more influenced by punishments, extraverts by rewards.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
2.
Which of the following would support the utility of idiographic research?
A) Freud.
B) Rogers. C) Kelly.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
3.
Allport believed that traits are based in the
A) endocrine system. B) circulatory system. C) nervous system.
D) hormonal system.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
4.
To Allport, the trait with the most pervasive influence is
A) central. B) cardinal.
C) secondary. D) primary.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
5.
Eysenck predicted that individuals high on extraversion would experience lower cortical arousal in response to environmental stimuli. What pattern of results did Kehoe et al. find when looking at the fMRI activity of those high in extraversion?
A) Activity in the cerebellum was lower than those low in extraversion, whereas activity in the insula was higher than those low in extraversion.
B) Activity in the cerebellum and in the insula was higher than those low in extraversion.
C) Activity in the cerebellum was lower than those low in extraversion, whereas activity in the insula was lower than those low in extraversion.
D) There were no differences in activity of the cerebellum and insula
among those high and low in extraversion.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
6.
Kehoe et al. found that among those high in extraversion, there was greater activity in the insula, an area of the brain that contributes to our subjective conscious experience of emotion. Which of the following summarizes how well this fits with Eysenck’s prediction about the biological basis of extraversion?
A) It contradicts it. B) It supports it.
C) It partially supports it. D) It is irrelevant to it.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
7.
According to Eysenck, it is necessary to
A) develop adequate measures.
B) develop a theory of performance.
C) establish biological foundations for traits. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
8.
Which type of data relates to behavior in laboratory situations? A) L-data.
B) Q-data. C) Ot-data. D) N-data.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
9.
The basic assumption of the trait point of view is that
A) people are similar in some ways.
B) people possess broad predispositions to respond. C) people are unique in some ways.
D) people possess energies that can be directed in multiple directions.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
10.
Evidence in support of the biological basis for Eysenck’s dimensions comes from
A) cross-cultural research.
B) stability of individual differences. C) twin and adoption studies.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
11.
Students withdrawing from college for academic reasons tend to be
whereas those withdrawing for personal reasons tend to be
.
A) neurotics-psychotics. B) extraverts-introverts. C) extraverts-neurotics. D) introverts-extraverts
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
12.
Allport’s emphasis on the individual is seen in his support for
A) psychoanalysis.
B) idiographic research. C) nomothetic research. D) statistical prediction.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
13.
Intelligence illustrates which kind of trait? A) dynamic.
B) source. C) ability.
D) temperament.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
14.
According to Allport, which of the following represent the least conspicuous and generalized dispositions?
A) cardinal traits.
B) secondary traits.
C) tertiary dispositions. D) central traits.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
15.
Which of the following statements is false?
A) Extraverts are more sexually active than introverts. B) Introverts do better in school than extraverts.
C) Introverts tend to be more suggestible than extraverts.
D) Extraverts enjoy aggressive humor more than introverts.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
16.
According to Allport, to account for behavior one had to consider
A) traits.
B) situation characteristics. C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
17.
According to Eysenck,
A) genetic factors play a major role in personality.
B) environmental factors play a major role in personality. C) the basis for individual differences is unknown.
D) the future of psychology lies in clinical work.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
18.
According to Eysenck, traits can be measured
A) by questionnaires.
B) by objective methods. C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
19.
OT-data are
A) self-report data.
B) questionnaire data.
C) personal life-record data. D) objective data.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
20.
According to Allport, traits are defined by
A) frequency, intensity, and distinctiveness.
B) frequency, intensity, and range of situations.
C) distinctiveness, frequency, and range of situations. D) intensity, frequency, and variability.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
21.
Introverts are
A) restrained.
B) easily aroused by events. C) inhibited.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
22.
Which of the following trait theorists has been associated with the application of trait theory to abnormal behavior?
A) Allport. B) Eysenck. C) Cattell.
D) Allport, Eysenk and Cattell all applied trait theory to abnormal behavior.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
23.
According to Allport, a trait
A) expresses itself in all situations.
B) is discounted by evidence of inconsistency. C) can be determined by factor analysis.
D) is expressed over a range of situations.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
24.
Compared to introverts, extraverts
A) have fewer sexual partners. B) take fewer study breaks.
C) are less active sexually.
D) are more likely to seek diversion from job routine.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
25.
The hierarchy emphasized by trait theorists is
A) types, habits, responses, traits. B) habits, types, responses, traits. C) habits, responses, types, traits. D) responses, habits, traits, types.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
1.
According to Rogers, experiences incongruent with the self structure are the basis for
A) anxiety.
B) denial and distortion. C) psychopathology.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
2.
Rogers believes that the phenomenological approach
A) is the only one for psychology.
B) can be supplemented by other approaches. C) ultimately has little to offer.
D) suffers from not being objective.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
3.
What neurotransmitter was talked about in the “Happy” documentary and is related to happiness and is released during physical exercise?
A) adrenaline B) Serotonin C) Oxytocin D) Dopamine
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
Which of the following is not a major aspect of the existential view? A) concern with death.
B) the individual as unique.
C) the individual as not having responsibility. D) emphasis on personal meaning.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
5.
We are most able to self-actualize under conditions of
A) self-worth.
B) self-enhancement. C) stress.
D) incongruence.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
6.
According to self-determination theory
A) people are innately rebellious.
B) people function at their best performing out of anxiety. C) people prefer freely chosen to compelled activities.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
7.
What goal(s) underlie Seligman and colleagues’ development of a classification of human strengths?
A) To bring the positive side of human nature to the attention of psychological scientists.
B) To foster systematic research on the positive side of human nature. C) Both a and b are correct.
D) Neither a nor b are correct.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
8.
In therapy, Rogers would be likely to use
A) free association. B) dream analysis.
C) verbal self reports. D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
9.
Existentialists are concerned with
A) death. B) life.
C) experience.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
10.
According to Rogers, which defense the person uses
A) is determined by fixations at stages of development. B) depends on parental appraisals.
C) is associated with social class. D) is not specified in the theory.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
Which of the following statements is not a characteristic of self actualizing people?
A) They are accepting of self and others. B) They conform readily.
C) They are capable of independence. D) They are capable of intimacy.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
12.
Which of the following is not a strength of Rogers’ theory? A) provides for measures of key concepts.
B) recognizes integrated aspects of personality. C) integrates humanism with science.
D) focuses on important areas of personality.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
13.
According to the text,
A) it is impossible to be completely phenomenological. B) self-report data are worthless.
C) Rogers ignores systematic inquiry. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
14.
On what basis does the existentialist Sartre claim that humans have free will, whereas physical objects or animals do not?
A) People have mental capacities, such as the ability to think about the future and imagine how things might be different.
B) People have a hierarchy of needs, ranging from the biological to that of self-actualization.
C) People have evolved mental modules for dealing with the problems
that were important in our evolutionary past, including the problem of what to choose.
D) None of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
15.
Which of the following is not a distinguishing characteristic of client- centered therapy?
A) belief in the capacity of the client.
B) emphasis on the therapeutic relationship. C) emphasis on a detached therapist attitude. D) emphasis on using therapy for research.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
16.
Research indicates that clients
A) are sensitive to differences among therapists from different schools. B) report different changes associated with different forms of therapy. C) emphasize different causal factors associated with different
therapies.
D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
17.
Rogers’ views concerning therapeutic factors can be tied to
A) his theory of growth and development.
B) the psychoanalytic concept of transference. C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
18.
A concept shared by Freudian and Rogerian theory is
A) conflict. B) anxiety. C) defense.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
19.
In the “Happy” documentary, the rickshaw driver who lived in the slum in India,
A) Was so unhappy his level of happiness couldn’t even be measured. B) raised his level of happiness by making significantly more money.
C) had the same level of happiness as the average American. D) was actually happier than the average American.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
20.
Rogers’ attitude toward making differential diagnoses in psychopathology might be summed up in the following statement.
A) Differential diagnoses help a therapist to design individualized treatment programs.
B) Differential diagnoses are useful in that they help point out the individual’s specific problem areas.
C) Differential diagnoses are relatively worthless as aids to psychotherapy.
D) None of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
21.
In the last 50 years in the United States
A) Income and happiness have both doubled.
B) The average level of income has doubled, but happiness has not changed.
C) Both income and happiness have decreased.
D) The people who have increased their happiness the most also have increased their income the most.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
22.
According to terror management theory, what factor(s) buffer(s) individuals against the anxiety associated with the inevitability of death?
A) Social and cultural institutions that furnish meaning in life.
B) Unconditional positive regard and empathic understanding.
C) Contents of the collective unconscious, including the self archetype. D) The belief that existence precedes essence.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
23.
Cross-cultural research on the self
A) fully supports Rogers’ views about self-concept.
B) fully supports Rogers’ views about the need for positive regard. C) calls into questions some of Rogers’ ideas about the self.
D) completely disproves Rogers’ ideas about the self.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
24.
For Rogers, the single most important element contributing to therapeutic change is
A) free association of ideas.
B) the therapeutic atmosphere. C) catharsis.
D) sympathy.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
25.
An important finding from Rogers’ work is that
A) therapy may actually worsen the condition of some patients. B) the therapeutic climate depends on the patient.
C) the therapeutic climate is only somewhat important. D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
1.
According to current research, recognition of the self
A) is limited to humans.
B) is limited to humans and chimps. C) is present in humans and dolphins.
D) is present in dogs if they are given practice.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
2.
Research by Lieberman, Jarcho, and Sapute (2004) indicates that when people think intuitively about themselves the brain regions that become active are those that are relatively more connected to emotional life, including an area of the temporal lobe, the posterior cingulate cortex, and the .
A) amygdala
B) fornix
C) hippocampus
D) hypothalamus
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
3.
With regard to the interaction of parent and child during the child’s development, it has been found that
A) there appears to be an inverse relationship between the types of evaluations a parent makes of himself and the types of evaluations he makes of the child.
B) the most critical determinant of what a child feels about himself is his perception of his parents’ feeling about him.
C) children of authoritarian parents tend to have greater intellectual development.
D) children of democratic parents tend to be more aggressive in filling their needs.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
4.
In research by D’Argembeau et al. (2010), the medial prefrontal cortex of participants’ brains became more active when they thought about their selves, relative to when they thought of their selves.
A) present actual; future ideal B) present actual; future feared C) future ideal; present actual D) future ideal; present feared
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
5.
Parents who communicate negative appraisals may be suspected of
A) having low self-regard. B) being hostile.
C) enforcing strict standards.
D) being zealous in the enforcement of rules.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
6.
According to Coopersmith, which of the following is not a building block for high self-esteem in children?
A) loving mother.
B) democratic parenting.
C) varying enforcement of rules. D) they all are building blocks.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
7.
A measure of the self-concept used frequently by Rogers in his research is called
A) REP test.
B) Q technique.
C) Rorschach test. D) self-as-object.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
8.
The development of self-esteem is associated with
A) freedom. B) limits.
C) freedom within boundaries. D) freedom without boundaries.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
9.
Congruence involves bringing together
A) feelings and ideal self. B) behavior and ideal self.
C) feelings and self concept. D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
10.
Rogers’ view of self-actualization includes
A) a concept similar to competence motivation. B) a concept like tension-reduction.
C) one of three motives relevant to process. D) both (a) and (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
11.
According to Rogers, the basic tendency for humans is to strive for
A) satisfaction of biological needs. B) meeting security needs.
C) self-actualization.
D) psychosocial maturation.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
12.
Research on the variability of self suggests that
A) high variability expresses flexibility.
B) high variability expresses instability.
C) variability is not a personality characteristic. D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
13.
For Rogers, the source of most concepts is (are) A) novels.
B) experiments.
C) psychological tests. D) therapy.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
14.
Which of the following was not true of Rogers? A) emphasized change.
B) used few structural concepts.
C) emphasized the defensive processes present in the person. D) emphasized self-report.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
15.
Subception is the process through which experiences unavailable to awareness can lead to
A) depression. B) ambiguity. C) anxiety.
D) freedom.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
16.
Which of the following is not a characteristic Rogerian emphasis? A) research.
B) phenomenology. C) objective tests.
D) unstructured tests.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
17.
According to the phenomenological position
A) the normal individual perceives the world in ways corresponding to other individuals.
B) for normals, the phenomenological field contains chiefly conscious perceptions.
C) the most important determinants of behavior are the unconscious
ones.
D) study of the subjective phenomena cannot be “scientific.”
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
18.
Rogerian theory holds that the dissociation of experiences and the rift between organism and self in children are the results of
A) unconditional positive regard given to the child by the parents. B) conditional positive regard.
C) the imposition of conditions of worth on the child. D) both (b) and (c).
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
19.
An outstanding feature of the Q-sort is that
A) it is an objective measure of the phenomenal field. B) it provides for comparisons of concepts.
C) it does not require a verbal response. D) it can be used with all age groups.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
20.
Research by D’Argembeau et al. (2010) confirmed the Rogerian prediction that the actual self and self are distinct structures of personality
A) aggrandized
B) unwanted
C) feared
D) ideal
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
21.
According to the research by Block and Robins, during adolescence self-esteem
A) increases in males and decreases in females. B) increases in males and in females.
C) decreases in males and females.
D) decreases in males and increases in females.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
22.
The phenomenal approach emphasizes how
A) people view themselves.
B) people view the world around them. C) both a and b.
D) neither a nor b.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
23.
Within the framework of the Rogerian theory of personality, the “self” is the most important structural concept. In short, the “self” is
A) those particular parts of an individual’s phenomenal field which relate to the individual.
B) the total system of events which make up the individual’s life.
C) the perceptions and meanings which are potentially relevant to the individual and which are highly valued by the individual.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
24.
Which of the following does not have a significant effect on the development of self-esteem in children?
A) degree of acceptance. B) amount of education.
C) permissiveness and punishments. D) democratic practices.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
25.
Rogers’ theory is primarily a theory of
A) the structure of personality.
B) the nature of psychology as a science. C) the process of change.
D) psychopathology.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
1.
Freud sees society as
A) frustrating a person’s basic desires. B) necessary for happiness.
C) prohibiting any gratification.
D) conflicting with demands of the ego.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
2.
Rationalization involves
A) dismissing a thought from consciousness.
B) perception of an action but not the motive for it. C) denial of the emotion accompanying an act.
D) rationing the affect to fit the situation.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
3.
John says that if he really puts his mind to it he could ace the course. This illustrates which mechanism of defense?
A) projection. B) isolation. C) undoing.
D) rationalization.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
4.
The stage of development where excitation and tension comes to focus in the genitals is the
A) oral stage. B) anal stage.
C) phallic stage. D) latency stage.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
5.
The mechanism of defense that is critical in alcohol and drug addiction is
A) projection. B) denial.
C) repression. D) sublimation.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
6.
Which of the following is an erogenous zone according to psychoanalytic theory?
A) the mouth. B) the anus.
C) the genitals.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
7.
According to Freud, aggression A) is an instinctual part of life. B) resides in the ego.
C) resides in the superego.
D) is inevitably fused with sex.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
8.
Psychoanalytic theory suggests that the “Reality Principle” and the
“Pleasure Principle” operate together in the following manner: A) they are constantly opposed to each other.
B) they work “hand-in-hand” together.
C) when the “reality principle” is operative the “pleasure principle” is repressed.
D) when the “reality principle” is functioning, the functions of the
“pleasure principle” are temporarily suspended.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
9.
The symptom that caused Freud’s colleague to refer Anna O to him was
A) severe suicidality.
B) a hysterical seizure that caused her to fall down the stairs of his office.
C) a hysterical pregnancy that she claimed was the doctor’s baby. D) a delusion that the doctor was going to kill her during Free
Association.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
10.
The type of defense mechanism in which an action is recognized but the underlying motive for the action is not is
A) rationalization.
B) reaction-formation. C) repression.
D) denial.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
11.
A part of psychoanalytic theory is that psychic life can be described in terms of the degree to which we are aware of phenomena. There are three such levels of awareness. Which of the following is not one of these levels?
A) conscience. B) conscious.
C) unconscious. D) preconscious.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
12.
Freud
A) was largely unaware of scientific principles.
B) felt that conceptual clarity came before descriptive observation. C) felt that descriptive observation came before conceptual clarity. D) dismissed the significance of scientific principles.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
13.
Freud was not impressed with supportive findings from experimental psychology because
A) he was largely attacked by academic psychology.
B) he did not understand the value of laboratory research. C) the Vienna circle argued against their value.
D) he was sufficiently impressed with clinical observations.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
14.
Which one of these events likely had an impact on Freud’s early childhood?
A) The death of his mother
B) The death of his brother
C) The birth of his twin sisters who were quite ill
D) The popularity of Jewish Mysticism
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
15.
The most important and difficult to demonstrate aspect of the unconscious is
A) people’s behavior always is influenced by events of which they are unaware.
B) people can recall things previously forgotten.
C) people keep memories and feelings out of awareness for motivated reasons.
D) none of the above
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
16.
In examination of the operation of mechanisms of defense one can expect them to appear
A) under all conditions.
B) under conditions of threat. C) when the person is asleep.
D) when a person is intoxicated or tired.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
The “major” or “primary” defense mechanism, according to psychoanalytic theory is
A) rationalization. B) projection.
C) repression. D) denial.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
18.
If someone were to feel guilty about wanting to strike his father after being provoked, even though the action was never carried out, Freud would probably say that guilt was due to the action of which of the following?
A) weak ego.
B) harsh superego. C) an emerging id.
D) both (a) and (c) in combination.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
19.
Contemporary research in psychology demonstrates that
A) there is no unconscious.
B) Freud’s ideas about the unconscious were fundamentally correct. C) unconscious processes are actually conscious.
D) unconscious processes exist but often differ from Freud’s depictions of them.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
20.
Psychoanalytic theory suggests that the unconscious
A) plays a major role in motivation. B) plays a minor role in motivation.
C) plays no role in motivaton.
D) its role cannot be determined.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
21.
Libido is
A) the energy of the life instinct.
B) the energy of the death instinct. C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
The term “libido” is the name for the energy associated with Freud’s
A) sexual instincts. B) death instinct. C) life instinct.
D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
23.
Freud was first trained as a
A) Pharmacist. B) Rabbi.
C) Psychologist. D) Physician.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
24.
Emotional relief gained through talking about one’s problems is covered under the concept of
A) cathexis.
B) anticathexis.
C) mechanism of defense. D) catharsis.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
25.
“Not looking” is expressive of the mechanism of defense called
A) projection. B) denial.
C) repression.
D) blind-sight.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
1.
According to evidence from the ways of coping scale,
A) the use of specific coping methods is strongly influenced by the situation.
B) specific coping methods are unrelated to health. C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
2.
A is a difference between the actual self and a self-guide
A) self-verification
B) self-discrepancy C) self-enhancement D) self
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
3.
Self schemas are
A) derived from past experience.
B) guides for the processing of information. C) generalizations concerning the self.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
4.
Bandura’s research on phobias employed measures of phobic behavior
A) self-report B) peer report C) behavioral D) none
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
5.
According to the cognitive view, putting oneself down continuously represents
A) masochism.
B) the result of a diseased mind.
C) an effort to manipulate sympathy from others. D) a maladaptive strategy.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
6.
According to Lazarus, the concept of stress
A) involves cognitions concerning the self.
B) involves cognitions concerning potential harms. C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
7.
In Dweck’s research, beliefs that we cannot state in words are called
A) implicit theories.
B) submerged theories. C) explicit theories.
D) repressed theories.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
8.
Rational Emotive Therapy, Cognitive Restructuring, and Beck’s therapy for depression are examples of
A) client-centered therapies. B) neo-Rogerian therapies.
C) cognitive behavior therapies. D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
Markus, in her research on self-schemas, relied upon
methods.
A) projective B) peer report C) five-factor
D) reaction-time
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
10.
The contemporary ideas of schemas is found in the philosophical writings of the German philosopher
A) Kant. B) Hume. C) Voltaire. D) Sartre.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
11.
Beck’s cognitive therapy for depression
A) makes use of catharsis.
B) makes use of behavioral assignments. C) makes use of transference.
D) emphasizes unconscious cognitions.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
12.
In Stress Innoculation Training, relapse is prevented by
A) follow-up, booster sessions.
B) difficulties being interpreted as errors rather than failures. C) imagery rehearsal and behavioral rehearsal.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
13.
Once having developed a self-schema as a failure, the person might
A) strive to succeed. B) strive to fail.
C) deny failure.
D) envy success in others.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
14.
Meichenbaum’s approach has much in common with that of
A) Kelly.
B) Freud. C) Rogers. D) Eysenck.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
15.
In Markus’ self-schema measure, a person is said to be schematic with regard to a personality attribute if they
A) give a very high or low rating on the attribute.
B) are unaware that the attribute is important to them.
C) have increased brain activity in the Amygdala on an fMRI.
D) draw that personality component into a self-schematic measure.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
16.
goals involve showing to others how much ability you have. A) learning
B) performance
C) schematic
D) non-schematic
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
17.
Dweck’s research on goals and behavior reveals that, when faced with a difficult task, children who have doubts about their abilities and adopt goals are likely to experience negative emotions, negative thoughts about themselves, and to fail, whereas those who adopt goals will be relatively more successful.
A) proximal goals; distal goals
B) distal goals; proximal goals
C) learning goals; performance goals
D) performance goals; learning goals
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
18.
Mental structures that allow us quickly to interpret complex stimuli are called
A) standards. B) goals.
C) schemas.
D) expectancies.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
According to research, people who have beliefs
concerning emotion should be better at regulating emotions than those with beliefs, because they tend to be more likely to experience social support.
A) entity; incremental
B) self-efficacy; incremental
C) incremental; entity
D) self-efficacy; entity
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
20.
Dweck’s research on goals and behavior reveals that, when faced with a difficult task, children who have doubts about their abilities and adopt goals are likely to experience negative emotions, negative thoughts about themselves, and to fail, whereas those who adopt goals will be relatively more successful.
A) proximal goals; distal goals
B) distal goals; proximal goals
C) learning goals; performance goals
D) performance goals; learning goals
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
21.
A self-guide involving duties or obligations in the
A) efficacious self. B) ought self.
C) ideal self.
D) learning goal self.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
22.
Evaluation of what is at stake occurs in
A) primary appraisal.
B) secondary appraisal.
C) primary process.
D) secondary process.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
23.
The study of self-concept has been of much research interest A) throughout all era’s of the history of personality psychology. B) in the recent era of the history of personality psychology.
C) during the behaviorist era of the history of personality psychology. D) never during the the history of personality psychology.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
are knowledge structures that guide and organize information processing
A) schemas
B) performance goals
C) learning goals
D) self-efficacy perceptions
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
25.
Self-verification and self-enhancement are
A) beliefs. B) motives.
C) social structures. D) cultural variations.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
1.
Bandura’s microanalytic research strategy emphasizes
A) the enduring influence of unconscious processes. B) situational specificity.
C) modeling, or observational learning. D) goals and intrinsic interest.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
2.
A central idea of the CAPS model is that
A) variability in behavior is an important aspect of personality. B) the key determinant of behavior is self-efficacy.
C) most behavior is acquired through modeling or observational learning.
D) people’s trait are stable across different situations.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
3.
Standards can be acquired through
A) reinforcement.
B) observational learning. C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
4.
According to theorizing by Bandura and colleagues, the disengagement of moral standards allows people to:
A) engage in immoral behaviors when it is to their advantage to do so.
B) disregard their own standards of behavior.
C) engage in behaviors they believe to be morally wrong. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
5.
According to social cognitive theory, effortful performance is most enhanced when
A) goals and feedback are present. B) a relaxed atmosphere prevails. C) incentives are high.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
6.
Behavioral signatures consist of
A) aggregates across situations.
B) profiles of situation-behavior relationships. C) generalized expectancies.
D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
7.
With regard to the personality variables of competencies, goals, evaluative standards, and expectancies, social cognitive theorists
A) give people an overall score on each by using self-report questionnaires.
B) give people an overall score on each by using projective tests. C) give people an overall score on each by using brain imaging
techniques.
D) would never give people one overall score on each.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
8.
Research reveals that playing violent video games
A) increase people’s aggression. B) lower people’s aggression.
C) has no influence on people’s aggression. D) lower people’s verbal skills.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
9.
Like Kelly’s personal construct theory, social cognitive theorists believe that much human thought and action is
A) future-oriented.
B) influenced by submerged constructs. C) determined by childhood events.
D) determined by environmental rewards.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
10.
Social cognitive theory recognizes that people differ not only because of their different emotions and motives, but because of their different
A) archetypes.
B) competencies. C) traits.
D) levels of self-actualization.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
11.
Which of the following is not a structural unit emphasized by social cognitive theory?
A) self-efficacy beliefs. B) competencies.
C) goals.
D) generalized expectancies.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
12.
Casey et al.’s (2011) research linking the ability to delay gratification in childhood to brain activity during adulthood revealed that relative to those high in the ability, those low in the ability had:
A) greater activation in the frontal lobes and in the striatum
B) greater activation in the frontal lobes and lower activation in the striatum
C) lower activation in the frontal lobes and in the striatum
D) lower activation in the frontal lobes and greater activation in the striatum
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
13.
The following is a distinction emphasized by social cognitive theorists
A) acquisition-performance. B) behaviorist-humanist.
C) situationist-personologist. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
14.
According to research by Osofsky and colleagues, how were prison personnel able to execute prisoners when, in general, they knew killing
was wrong?
A) By finding ways to make mortality more salient.
B) By finding ways to selectively disengage morality. C) By finding ways to argue against the death penalty. D) By finding ways to punish themselves later.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
15.
What did Casey et al.’s (2011) research indicate regarding the link between childhood ability to delay gratification and adulthood brain activity?
A) There was no link, indicating that delay ability likely changes through the lifespan.
B) There was only a link among those who were low in SES, indicating that there is an interaction between SES and delay ability.
C) There was a link, indicating that delay ability likely remains relatively stable throughout the lifespan.
D) There was only a link among those who were high in SES, indicating that there is an interaction between SES and delay ability.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
16.
According to Bandura, greater effort follows from
A) not meeting one’s standards. B) meeting one’s standards.
C) anxiety.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
17.
Social-cognitive theorists are critical of trait theory because they think that
A) variability in action is important to understanding people’s
personality, yet is relatively disregarded by trait theory.
B) trait theorists have placed far too much emphasis on unconscious forces.
C) trait theorists are interested in individual differences.
D) people do not have distinctive characteristics, or traits.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
18.
In research conducted by Bandura and Cervone, on factors that increase motivation, results indicated that motivation is most strongly enhanced when people
A) are working toward specific goals, but do not receive any feedback on their performance, since the feedback can distract them from performing at their best.
B) receive feedback on their performance but do not receive any specific goals to work toward, since goals can distract people from performing at their best.
C) do not receive either goals or feedback on their performance. D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
19.
A feature that differentiates social cognitive theory from behaviorism is the two theories’ different views of
A) the importance of experimentation.
B) the importance of experiences in the social environment. C) personality trait variables.
D) expectancies.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
20.
goals usually have a stronger influence on behavior than do
goals.
A) easy; difficult B) unclear; clear C) proximal; distal
D) distal; proximal
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
21.
The fact that children learn so many behaviors through television can probably best be explained by
A) Skinnerian operant conditioning. B) Freudian psychoanalytic theory. C) Pavlovian classical conditioning.
D) Bandura’s observational learning.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
22.
The CAPS model was developed by
A) Bandura.
B) Mischel and Shoda. C) Skinner.
D) Costa and McCrae.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
23.
Bandura’s microanalytic research strategy emphasizes
A) computer generated profiles. B) if-then behavior profiles.
C) situation-specific measures.
D) the use of strategic expectancies.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
24.
A numerical value that can influence people’s estimates of a quantity is called
A) an expectancy. B) a goal.
C) an anchor value. D) a standard.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
25.
According to Bandura, aggressive behavior is regulated by
A) external consequences.
B) self-produced consequences.
C) vicarious experiencing of consequences. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
1.
Kelly felt that people function the way they do in order to
A) expand and validate the construct system. B) avoid pain.
C) obtain reinforcement. D) both (a) and (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
A construct is a way of A) perceiving the world. B) interpreting events. C) construing.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
3.
The Rep Test is a useful device for getting at
A) personal meanings.
B) unconscious meanings. C) personality traits.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
4.
The Rep Test can be used to
A) determine content of the construct system.
B) determine complexity of the construct system. C) determine similarity of constructs.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
5.
Fixed-role therapy assumes that people
A) have unconscious motives. B) are what they do.
C) seek self-actualization. D) seek certainty.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
6.
According to Kelly, a dimension is formed by
A) one construct.
B) more than one construct. C) at least three constructs.
D) dimensions are not possible.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
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Correct B
Answer(s):
7.
Kelly’s view concerning psychopathology involves the concept of anxiety and, therefore, it is similar to that of
A) Freud.
B) Rogers.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
8.
According to Kelly, a construct
A) always has two poles. B) is not always verbal. C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
9.
The following quote from the text is Kelly’s definition of . It “is the recognition that the events with which one is confronted lie outside the range of convenience of one’s construct system.”
A) frustration B) invalidation C) anxiety
D) incongruity
Points Earned: 1.0/1
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Correct C
Answer(s):
10.
For Kelly, anxiety is
A) the result of internal threat.
B) the result of invalidated constructs.
C) the result of not having constructs for a situation. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
11.
For Kelly, the idea that people think in terms of constructs is
A) a core construct.
B) a peripheral construct. C) a submerged construct. D) a loose construct.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
12.
Fixed-role therapy does not involve
A) representing yourself in a new way.
B) believing yourself to be a new person. C) construing things in new ways.
D) All of the above are involved.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
13.
According to Kelly, psychopathology is a
A) disordered response to anxiety.
B) disordered functioning of the construct system. C) faulty effort to reestablish prediction.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
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Correct D
Answer(s):
14.
Studies of cognitive complexity have suggested that
A) subjects high in cognitive complexity try to make use of inconsistent information in forming an impression.
B) subjects low in cognitive complexity try to make use of inconsistent information in forming an impression.
C) subjects high in cognitive complexity try to form a univalent impression of the person.
D) subjects low in cognitive complexity are unable to form a univalent impression of the person.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
15.
The suggestion may be made that constructs most likely
A) facilitate experience and recall. B) determine experience and recall.
C) are unrelated to experience and recall. D) interfere with experience and recall.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
16.
Structural concepts abound in personality theories–Kelly’s included. What was the key structural concept behind Kelly’s “man the scientist”?
A) constructive alternativism
B) cognitive differentiation
C) the construct
D) the role
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
17.
As children develop, their construct system
A) increases in hierarchical organization.
B) increases in permeability. C) increases in dilation.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
18.
According to Kelly, a theory has
A) reliability and validity.
B) loose and tight constructs.
C) a range of convenience and a focus of convenience. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
19.
In relation to psychoanalysis, Kelly rejected
A) Freud as a clinician.
B) insight and the discovery of truth. C) both a and b.
D) neither a nor b.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
20.
Which of the following constructs can be modified without serious modification of the construct system?
A) preverbal constructs. B) core constructs.
C) subordinate constructs. D) peripheral constructs.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
21.
Kelly’s theory advocates that a person’s own personality is made up of
A) the entire construct system.
B) those parts of the construct system that relate to the self.
C) those parts of the construct system that are potentially related to the self.
D) those constructs which relate to the “self” in conjunction with those constructs which relate to the ideal self.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
22.
As children develop, their construct systems
A) become less complex.
B) become less differentiated. C) become more hierarchical.
D) become more rigid.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
23.
Beilock et al. (2008) analyzed the brain scans of hockey experts and novices as they thought about hockey and found that:
A) Experts’ and novices’ brains looked very similar, except that the experts had an additional brain area become more active: the premotor cortex
B) Experts’ and novices’ brains looked very similar, except that the novices had an additional brain area become more active: the premotor cortex
C) Experts’ and novices’ brains looked very similar, except that the experts had an additional brain area become more active: the prefrontal cortex
D) Experts’ and novices’ brains looked very similar, except that the novices had an additional brain area become more active: the prefrontal cortex
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
24.
For Kelly, the response to threat may be
A) regression. B) confusion.
C) growth-development. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
25.
Research by Grice reveals that if you give individuals Kelly’s REP test, you learn
A) a lot of information about them that you would not learn if you simply gave them a five-factor trait theory test.
B) the same information that you would learn about them if you simply gave them a five-factor trait theory test.
C) less information about them than you would learn if you simply gave them a five-factor trait theory test.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
1.
Which of the following is not a likely contribution to trait stability? A) genes.
B) people select their environments. C) others respond in stable ways.
D) all of these contribute to stability.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
2.
The text suggests that the Big Five model can integrate the work of
A) Eysenck.
B) Cattell.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
3.
Results from the NEO-PI would be expected to be most similar to those from the
A) Rorschach. B) TAT.
C) clinical interview. D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
4.
Which of the following is not a pair? A) Eysenck – EPI, EPQ.
B) Cattell – 16PF.
C) Five-factor model – NEO-PI. D) all of the above are pairs.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
5.
The NEO-PI is a
A) projective test. B) questionnaire. C) disguised test.
D) instructional test.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
6.
Concerning the number of basic trait factors, A) five is just about right.
B) some suggest more and some suggest fewer.
C) ultimately factor analysis will tell us exactly how many is best. D) it all depends on the subject being studied.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
7.
In their study of conscientious behavior, Mischel and Peake found that such behavior
A) shows little temporal stability.
B) shows little cross-situational consistency.
C) shows high levels of both temporal stability and cross-situational
consistency.
D) (a) and (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
8.
Concerning the convergence between ratings using self-report and observer-report, three major findings have emerged. Which is NOT one of them?
A) self-report and observer-report are correlated
B) observer-report and observer-report are correlated
C) self-report ratings are always more accurate
D) observer reports are sometimes more accurate than self-reports
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
9.
The text suggests that cross-cultural trait comparisons may depend on whether
A) subjects are of comparable age.
B) subjects are of comparable intelligence. C) indigenous terms are used.
D) researchers are from the US.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
10.
McCrae and Costa’s view of the basis for lifespan changes in the Big
Five is captured by the term
A) unshared environment. B) shared environment.
C) characteristic adaptations. D) intrinsic maturation.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
11.
Laboratory situations are problematic for the study of traits because
A) they emphasize one variable at a time.
B) the results don’t agree with questionnaire results. C) they restrict the range of individual differences.
D) they are low in reliability.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
12.
At this point in time, evidence in support of trait stability
A) is better for longitudinal stability than for cross-situational stability. B) is better for cross-situational stability than for longitudinal stability.
C) is very good for both kinds of stability. D) is very good for neither kind of stability.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
13.
The evidence is best that people behave consistently
A) within domains of situations. B) across domains of situations. C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
Critics of trait theory mostly focus on the problem of
A) cross-situational consistency. B) longitudinal consistency.
C) multivariate research.
D) hierarchical organization.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
15.
McCrae and Costa’s view of the Big Five is that they are similar to
A) motives.
B) cognitions.
C) temperament. D) the self.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
16.
Costa and McCrae argue that the NEO-PI in relation to the basic dimensions of personality is
A) necessary. B) sufficient.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
17.
The factor that shows least cross-cultural replicability is
A) neuroticism. B) extraversion.
C) conscientiousness.
D) openness to experience.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
18.
DeYoung and colleagues (2010) were able to identify brain regions correlated with variations in Big Five traits. Can they claim that variations in volume of the brain regions caused variations in the Big Five?
A) Yes, because MRI evidence enables one to identify brain regions that cause behavior.
B) Yes, because past research indicates that the direction of causality is always from brain to behavior.
C) No, because MRI evidence is infamously unreliable.
D) No, because correlation does not enable one to establish the direction of causality.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
19.
Overall, cross-cultural research on the Big Five suggests that
A) none of the traits are universal.
B) all of the Big Five are pretty universal.
C) at least three of the Big Five are universal. D) only one of the Big Five is universal.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
20.
The person responsible for the fundamental lexical hypothesis is
A) Allport. B) Eysenck. C) Goldberg. D) Costa.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
21.
McCrae and Costa suggest that
A) progressions of personality development depend on culture. B) progressions of personality development depend on historical
context.
C) progressions of personality development are fixed in order and time. D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
22.
Relative to personality structure in adulthood, that in childhood is
A) more complex. B) less integrated. C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
23.
Disagreement concerning trait measures is greatest concerning
A) factors. B) facets.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
24.
Cattell’s factors seem most comparable to the NEO-PI’s
A) factors. B) facets. C) items.
D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
25.
A problem with the trait concept is that
A) there is little evidence of constitutional differences in people. B) it presents too static a picture.
C) it cannot be applied to individuals. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
1.
Cattell’s theory asserts that traits are the building blocks of personality.
A) surface B) ability C) source
D) dynamic
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
2.
Though Eysenck had predicted that people high in neuroticism would show increased brain activity in the limbic system, Kehoe et al’s fMRI data indicated that the increased brain activity was actually in the:
A) cerebellum
B) insula
C) prefrontal cortex
D) hippocampus
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
3.
The trait theorist who emphasized the fewest traits was
A) Allport. B) Eysenck. C) Cattell. D) Plomin.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
4.
Factors determining psychopathology
A) lie outside Eysenck’s range of convenience. B) lie inside Eysenck’s range of convenience.
C) are largely environmental in origin. D) have yet to be determined.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
5.
According to Allport, which of the following represent the least conspicuous and generalized dispositions?
A) cardinal traits.
B) secondary traits.
C) tertiary dispositions. D) central traits.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
6.
Allport believed that traits are based in the
A) endocrine system. B) circulatory system. C) nervous system.
D) hormonal system.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
7.
The study demonstrating that people could be influenced by suggestions of an epidemic is evidence for
A) the existence of individual differences.
B) the importance of introversion-extroversion. C) the role of personality in health.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
8.
Which of the following statements is not true of extraverts? A) They do better than introverts in school.
B) They prefer to interact with others.
C) They are more suggestible than introverts.
D) They are more sexually active than introverts.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
9.
Introverts are
A) restrained.
B) easily aroused by events. C) inhibited.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
10.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of extraverts? A) sensitivity to pain.
B) energetic.
C) carelessness.
D) excitement enhances performance.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
11.
According to Eysenck, it is necessary to
A) develop adequate measures.
B) develop a theory of performance.
C) establish biological foundations for traits. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
12.
It is important for Cattell’s theory that different types of data should yield
A) different personality traits or factors. B) the same personality traits or factors.
C) the same surface traits but different source traits. D) different source traits and different surface traits.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
13.
According to Allport, people generally describe others in terms of
A) secondary dispositions. B) cardinal traits.
C) central traits. D) source traits.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
14.
Allport’s emphasis on the individual is seen in his support for
A) psychoanalysis.
B) idiographic research. C) nomothetic research. D) statistical prediction.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
15.
To Allport, the trait with the most pervasive influence is
A) central. B) cardinal.
C) secondary. D) primary.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
16.
Which is not a property of traits? A) frequency.
B) centrality.
C) intensity.
D) range of situations.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
17.
Of the following, the dimension most important for criminals is
A) neuroticism. B) extraversion. C) psychoticism.
D) openness to experience.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
The following theorists use factor analysis in their research efforts
A) Allport and Cattell. B) Eysenck and Cattell. C) Allport and Eysenck. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
19.
According to Cattell, which traits represent the building blocks of personality?
A) surface. B) ability.
C) dynamic. D) source.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
20.
Students withdrawing from college for academic reasons tend to be
whereas those withdrawing for personal reasons tend to be
.
A) neurotics-psychotics. B) extraverts-introverts. C) extraverts-neurotics. D) introverts-extraverts
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
21.
According to Allport, to account for behavior one had to consider
A) traits.
B) situation characteristics. C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
22.
In his view of the person Allport would be most similar to
A) Freud. B) Rogers. C) Jung
D) Murray
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
Eysenck predicted that individuals high on extraversion would experience lower cortical arousal in response to environmental stimuli. What pattern of results did Kehoe et al. find when looking at the fMRI activity of those high in extraversion?
A) Activity in the cerebellum was lower than those low in extraversion, whereas activity in the insula was higher than those low in extraversion.
B) Activity in the cerebellum and in the insula was higher than those low in extraversion.
C) Activity in the cerebellum was lower than those low in extraversion, whereas activity in the insula was lower than those low in extraversion.
D) There were no differences in activity of the cerebellum and insula among those high and low in extraversion.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
24.
According to Allport, traits are defined by
A) frequency, intensity, and distinctiveness.
B) frequency, intensity, and range of situations.
C) distinctiveness, frequency, and range of situations. D) intensity, frequency, and variability.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
25.
The concept of idiographic research suggests that
A) individuals cannot be studied.
B) good ideas form the basis for good research. C) computers are useful in predicting behavior. D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
A concept shared by Freudian and Rogerian theory is
A) conflict. B) anxiety. C) defense.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
2.
According to research by Zhu, Ziang, Fan, and Han (2007), if we were to examine the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) of college students from the East and from the West as they thought about themselves and about their mothers, what would we be likely to find?
A) Eastern students’ MPFCs would look the same while they were thinking about themselves and their mothers.
B) Western students’ students’ MPFCs would look the same while they were thinking about themselves and their mothers.
C) Eastern and Western students’ MPFCs would look the same as each other while thinking about themselves and their mothers.
D) In both Eastern and Western students, the MPFC would not be very active while thinking about the self, nor about one’s mother.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
3.
Which of the following is NOT a basic psychological need, as specified by self-determination theory?
A) Autonomy
B) Certainty
C) Competence
D) Relatedness
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
4.
In the “Happy” documentary, the rickshaw driver who lived in the slum in India,
A) Was so unhappy his level of happiness couldn’t even be measured. B) raised his level of happiness by making significantly more money. C) had the same level of happiness as the average American.
D) was actually happier than the average American.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
5.
The concept most relevant to Rogers’ views concerning therapy is
A) transference.
B) self-ideal discrepancy. C) construct change.
D) therapeutic climate.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
6.
Cross-cultural research on the self
A) fully supports Rogers’ views about self-concept.
B) fully supports Rogers’ views about the need for positive regard. C) calls into questions some of Rogers’ ideas about the self.
D) completely disproves Rogers’ ideas about the self.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
7.
Research linking self-esteem to life outcomes indicates that measures of self-esteem often are
A) the strongest predictor of life outcomes.
B) the second strongest predictor of life outcomes, after intelligence.
C) the second strongest predictor of life outcomes, after socioeconomic status.
D) only weakly related to life outcomes.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
8.
What percentage of our happiness set-point is determined by genetics? A) 10%
B) 40% C) 50% D) 60%
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
9.
The concept of flow relates to
A) water pressure on the brain.
B) positive states of consciousness.
C) the effects of rewards on performance. D) the pleasure of water sports.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
10.
The ultimate goal for Rogers was a
A) state of organism-self congruence. B) life free of anxiety.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
11.
What neurotransmitter was talked about in the “Happy” documentary and is related to happiness and is released during physical exercise?
A) adrenaline B) Serotonin C) Oxytocin D) Dopamine
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
12.
Which of the following is not a Rogerian conceptualization? A) movement toward self-actualization.
B) utility of clinical observations. C) focus on the whole person.
D) use of disguised tests.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
13.
The major prediction of terror management theory is that if one manipulates the degree to which one is thinking about , there should be differences in the degree that people need .
A) the self; their cultural worldviews
B) death; their cultural worldviews
C) the self; unconditional positive regard
D) death; unconditional positive regard
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
14.
According to Frankl, existential frustration involves lack of
A) fulfillment of the will-to-meaning. B) fulfillment of the will-to-power.
C) fulfillment of the drive-for-sex. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
15.
The Freudian and Rogerian views
A) both emphasize the development of symptoms. B) both emphasize conflict, anxiety, and defense. C) both emphasize the struggle with drives.
D) both emphasize structural conflicts.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
16.
According to terror management theory, if cultural beliefs buffer against fear of death, and if people are induced to think about death, then they should display a stronger-than-usual need to , and to
, their cultural beliefs.
A) question; refine B) eschew; reject C) possess; defend D) repress; deny
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
17.
The conditions that Rogers emphasizes as necessary therapeutic conditions are
A) empathic understanding and skill training. B) skill training and positive regard.
C) relaxation training and congruence. D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
18.
Research suggests that differences between the pursuit of intrinsic and extrinsic goals
A) are universal.
B) are culture-specific. C) are unreliable.
D) are yet to be found.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
19.
According to Rogers, experiences incongruent with the self structure are the basis for
A) anxiety.
B) denial and distortion. C) psychopathology.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
20.
A problem with Rogerian research on the self is
A) inadequate attention is given to what is experienced. B) inadequate attention is given to individual differences. C) inadequate attention is given to defensive processes. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
21.
According to Rogers, when a person distorts behavior so as to make it consistent with the self, it is called
A) fantasy.
B) projection.
C) rationalization. D) subception.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
22.
The woman who got run over by the truck
A) was never able to return to her previous levels of happiness.
B) actually ended up being more attractive than before her accident.
C) was able to maintain her level of happiness because her injuries did not alter her level of attractiveness.
D) was divorced by her husband; but, met someone who loves her despite her lack of attractiveness.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
23.
Work on contingencies of self-worth indicates that people’s self-esteem
A) is inherited.
B) is stable, or unchanging. C) fluctuates.
D) is unaffected by everyday life events.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
24.
Which of the following is a strength of Rogers’ theory? A) recognizes integrated aspects of personality.
B) integrates humanism with science.
C) focuses on important areas of personality. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
25.
Research suggests that relative to externally determined goals, the pursuit of autonomous goals results in
A) greater effort and persistence. B) better physical health.
C) better psychological health. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
1.
The level of consciousness where we are able to be aware of phenomena if we direct our attention to them is
A) unconscious.
B) preconscious. C) conscious.
D) subliminal activation.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
2.
Which of the following is not an identity status emphasized by Marcia? A) identity achievement.
B) identity foreclosure. C) identity moratorium. D) multiple identity.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
3.
A critical element of subliminal psychodynamic activation research is that
A) the stimuli must be neutral. B) the stimuli must be active.
C) the stimuli cannot be presented psychodynamically. D) the stimuli must be perceived subliminally.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
4.
The Oedipus Complex is associated with
A) identification with the like-sexed parent. B) the beginning of superego.
C) castration anxiety. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
5.
Research on Oedipal behaviors suggests that around age four children show
A) behavior consistent with psychoanalytic theory. B) behavior that contradicts psychoanalytic theory. C) only the behavior of boys fit the theory.
D) only the behavior of girls fit the theory.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
6.
Rationalization involves
A) dismissing a thought from consciousness.
B) perception of an action but not the motive for it. C) denial of the emotion accompanying an act.
D) rationing the affect to fit the situation.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
7.
Which defense mechanism plays a part in all other defense mechanisms?
A) reaction-formation. B) repression.
C) rationalization. D) regression.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
Contemporary research in psychology demonstrates that
A) there is no unconscious.
B) Freud’s ideas about the unconscious were fundamentally correct. C) unconscious processes are actually conscious.
D) unconscious processes exist but often differ from Freud’s depictions of them.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
9.
Very briefly, the goal of psychoanalysis could be stated to be
A) increased control over the instincts and drives which seek expression in antisocial behavior.
B) the ability to restrict the reduction of tension through the seeking of pleasure and heightened conformity to the demands of social life.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) a reduction in the extent to which instincts are frustrated.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
10.
Within the psychoanalytic system of personality and personality development, the transition from “Primary Process” thinking to “Secondary Process” thinking is parallel to
A) development of the id and the superego.
B) the development of the ego and the superego. C) the development of the id and the ego.
D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
11.
Research on projection by Newman and colleagues indicates that
A) the only way to understand projection is to adopt the energy model of mind developed by Freud.
B) projection can be understood via the principles of contemporary social-cognitive psychology.
C) projection rarely occurs, contrary to Freud’s expectations.
D) projection occurs very frequently, contrary to Freud’s expectations.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
12.
The mechanism of defense that is critical in alcohol and drug addiction is
A) projection. B) denial.
C) repression. D) sublimation.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
13.
The terms “anal,” “genital,” and “oral” refer to
A) erogenous zones.
B) shifting foci of body tension with development. C) developmental stages in psychoanalytic theory. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
14.
Research on the later effects of early experiences shows evidence of
A) continuities and discontinuities.
B) early experience being fundamental. C) early experience being unimportant.
D) the effects of single, dramatic experiences.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
15.
According to psychoanalytic theory, the instincts can be
A) blocked, expressed, displaced, aim-inhibited. B) converted into animal magnetism.
C) diverted so that all energy is lost. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
16.
A part of psychoanalytic theory is that psychic life can be described in terms of the degree to which we are aware of phenomena. There are three such levels of awareness. Which of the following is not one of these levels?
A) conscience. B) conscious.
C) unconscious. D) preconscious.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
17.
The evidence concerning the relationship between early experiences and adult personality suggests that
A) early experience shapes adult personality.
B) adult personality is independent of early experience.
C) early experience is critical for the development of sex-role differences.
D) later experience can reshape much of what has been formed earlier.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
18.
The foundation for Freud’s view of human functioning was the principle of
A) uncertainty.
B) conservation of energy. C) regression to the mean. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
19.
Evidence of the influence of images presented with a tachistoscope supports the principle of
A) repression. B) sublimation. C) catharsis.
D) perception without awareness.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
20.
Repressive style is associated with
A) low reactivity to stress. B) high self-esteem.
C) risk of health difficulties. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
21.
Id is to ego
A) fantasy is to reality.
B) anxiety is to cathexis.
C) defense mechanisms are to satisfaction. D) “want” is to “ought”.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
22.
In examination of the operation of mechanisms of defense one can expect them to appear
A) under all conditions.
B) under conditions of threat. C) when the person is asleep.
D) when a person is intoxicated or tired.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
23.
“Not looking” is expressive of the mechanism of defense called
A) projection. B) denial.
C) repression. D) blind-sight.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
24.
The term “libido” is the name for the energy associated with Freud’s
A) sexual instincts. B) death instinct. C) life instinct.
D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
25.
The correct order of progression through Freud’s stages of psychosexual development is
A) anal – oral – genital – latency-phallic. B) oral – anal – genital – latency-phallic. C) oral – anal – phallic – latency-genital. D) oral – phallic – anal – latency-genital.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
1.
The text suggests that T-data and S-data
A) tend to agree. B) tend to differ.
C) can be substituted for one another. D) are both inferior forms of data.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
2.
Steele’s research on stereotype threat demonstrated that stereotype threat processes
A) impair performance.
B) improve performance by motivating individuals. C) have no affect on performance.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
3.
Performance on an intelligence test illustrates
A) L-data.
B) O-data. C) T-data. D) S-data.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
4.
As discussed in the text, “fixed” measures are ones that
A) are explicit. B) are implicit.
C) are administered in the same way to all people.
D) are in some way “unstructured,” allowing some variability in the testing procedure from person to person.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
5.
Supporters of using verbal self-reports argue that
A) these are data.
B) they are reliable. C) they are valid.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
6.
Findings of the ‘nun study’, discussed in the text, indicate that the experience of high levels of positive emotions is associated with higher
A) levels of heart disease. B) proneness to injury.
C) longevity. D) depression
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
7.
The theories and research of scientific personality psychologists differ from those of the ordinary person in being
A) more general and testable. B) more explicit and testable. C) more general and valid.
D) more explicit and valid
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
8.
Ratings of an individual made by parents, friends, or teachers are an example of data.
A) L-data
B) O-data C) T-data D) S-data
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
9.
The effort to gain control over the variables of interest and establish if- then causal relationships is descriptive of which approach to research?
A) correlational. B) clinical.
C) naturalistic observation. D) experimental.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
10.
The term comes from the Greek for the word law, as in general scientific laws.
A) implicit
B) explicit
C) idiographic
D) nomothetic
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
11.
In clinical research, the investigator generally
A) makes things happen. B) studies one person.
C) studies few aspects of the person. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
12.
Experimenter expectancy effects are illustrated by
A) the case of Clever Hans. B) the case of Little Hans. C) naturalistic observation. D) correlational research.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
13.
Cues which are implicit in an experimental setting and which influence a subject’s behavior are known as
A) demand characteristics.
B) experimental variables. C) experimenter bias.
D) response sets.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
14.
Validity refers to
A) stable observations.
B) the utility of observations.
C) the replicability of observations.
D) whether observations relate to the variables of interest.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
15.
The tendency to answer questions in a consistent way is called
A) dependable style. B) validity.
C) reliability.
D) response style.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
16.
Which of the following concepts suggests that the psychological experiment is a form of social interaction?
A) experimenter expectancy effects. B) demand characteristics.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
17.
Which of the following qualities do the EEG and fMRI share? A) They both detect variations in blood flow.
B) They both record the electrical activity of neurons.
C) They both indicate which areas of the brain are most active during a given task.
D) They both produce a picture of the brain that enables one to see which areas are active.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
18.
Which of the following is not true of correlational research? A) patterns of relationships among variables are studied.
B) characteristics-variables are studied sequentially. C) one gives up control over the variables.
D) All of the above are true of correlational research.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
19.
Experimenter expectancy effects represent
A) an unintended source of error.
B) an intended influence on subject behavior. C) a contribution toward greater reliability.
D) a contribution toward greater validity.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct A
Answer(s):
20.
Which of the following is not an important aspect of correlational
research?
A) interest in individual differences. B) use of questionnaires.
C) study of relationships among many variables. D) manipulation of variables of interest.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
21.
If a psychologist believed that people’s behavior is shaped largely by thoughts over which they have little control, that psychologist’s target for assessment would most likely be:
A) average behavior
B) variability in behavior
C) conscious thought
D) unconscious mental events
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
22.
The text suggests that
A) theory is more important than research. B) research is more important than theory. C) theory and research are closely related.
D) theory and research are separate and independent.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
Answer(s):
23.
The concept expressing the extent to which our observations are dependable and can be replicated is called
A) validity.
B) demand characteristics.
C) experimenter expectancy effects.
D) reliability.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct D
Answer(s):
24.
The approach to research emphasizing the intensive study of individuals is
A) correlational. B) clinical.
C) experimental.
D) naturalistic observation.
Points Earned: 0.0/1
.0
Correct B
Answer(s):
Stereotype threat processes have been shown to affect the performance of
A) members of minority groups. B) women.
C) a & b.
D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1
.0
Correct C
1.
A consistent area of emphasis in the text is the effect of a theorist’s view of the person on the theory of personality. With regard to this issue, the text suggests
A) that a theorist should attempt to construct a theory free from any a priori assumptions about human nature.
B) that personal views act as a corrective influence in the interpretation of data that are collected.
C) that one should always ask whether an interpretation is a necessary conclusion from the data or whether it represents the theorist’s personal view of human nature.
D) both (b) and (c).
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
2.
The psychoanalytic view of the importance of early experiences for personality development can be contrasted with (i.e., is unlike)
A) trait theory.
B) social cognitive theory. C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
3.
The text argues that one way of resolving different views of personality processes is to recognize that
A) Freud was right all along.
B) the notion of “processes” should be jettisoned.
C) a person may possess a multiplicity of motivational processes that come into play at different points in their life.
D) trait concepts are superior to motivational process concepts.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
4.
Jim was most impressed with the data from the
A) projectives.
B) questionnaires. C) interview.
D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
5.
A useful principle for bringing about social change is
A) administering the NEO-PI-R. B) the free association method. C) media modeling.
D) conducting twin studies.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
6.
Media modeling to reduce HIV/AIDs
A) has not been attempted.
B) has been highly successful.
C) has been a disappointing failure.
D) illustrates the applied value of trait theory.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
The text suggests that views about human nature
A) are irrelevant to psychology as a science. B) influence areas studied most thoroughly. C) affect treatment but not research.
D) affect research but not treatment.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
8.
The psychoanalytic emphasis on motivation can be contrasted with
A) trait theory.
B) cognitive theory. C) Rogerian theory. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
9.
The text argues that an important question for personality theory is whether it
A) yields theories that are true.
B) produces theories that are elegant.
C) is popular with people in other scientific fields. D) yields useful applications.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
10.
According to the text, the task for personality psychology is to
A) account for patterns of stability and change.
B) focus on development of a psychology of the environment.
C) focus on development of a psychology of character structure. D) account for behavioral aggregates.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
11.
The case of Jim suggests that
A) there has been a complete change in him.
B) developments would have been difficult to predict. C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
12.
The psychoanalytic emphasis on stages of development can be contrasted with (i.e., is unlike)
A) trait theory.
B) social cognitive theory. C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
13.
The contrast between internal and external views of behavior is most clearly seen in the following contrast
A) trait theory – psychoanalysis.
B) psychoanalysis – personal construct theory. C) personal construct theory – Rogers’ theory. D) psychoanalysis – social cognitive theory.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
14.
The concept of self is most clearly absent in which of the following?
A) personal construct theory. B) social cognitive theory.
C) phenomenological theory.
D) The concept of self is present in all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
15.
The therapy in which individuals are asked to behave as if they were a different person is
A) fixed-role therapy. B) RET.
C) client-centered therapy.
D) behavior therapy.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
16.
Which of the following would appear to be least compatible with one another?
A) Bandura – five-factor theory.
B) Mischel – personal construct theory.
C) social cognitive theory – phenomenological theory. D) Freud – Jung.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
17.
Longitudinal data on Jim suggests evidence of
A) stability. B) change.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
18.
The text emphasizes that
A) environmental differences are associated with behavioral variability. B) behavioral consistency reflects the importance of person factors.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
19.
The social cognitive emphasis on the potential for change can be contrasted with
A) Rogers’ theory. B) trait theory.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
20.
The text’s general conclusion with regard to the study of personality is
A) we now have a completed picture of personality in the various theories offered.
B) the behavioral approach to personality offers the strongest
advantages, and other theories should be rejected.
C) the total picture of the nature of personality is far from complete. D) theory, assessment, and research in personality are usually unrelated to each other.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
21.
The person as a problem solver would be least associated with the views of
A) Bandura. B) Kelly.
C) Cattell.
D) Mischel.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
22.
An emphasis on stages of development is least consistent with
A) psychoanalytic theory. B) Cattell’s trait theory.
C) social cognitive theory. D) Piaget’s theory.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
23.
Research reviewed in the text on questions of social change suggests that the
most useful personality theory for brining about change is
theory.
A) psychoanalytic
B) phenomenological
C) trait
D) social cognitive
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
Of the personality theorists reviewed is considered to be the most explicit about stating his view of the person.
A) George Kelly
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Carl Rogers
D) Raymond Cattell
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
25.
Which of the following had the least to say about psychopathology? A) Allport.
B) Eysenck. C) Kelly.
D) Bandura.
Intro to Personality
- A “system”
D) All of the above
- Relative to one another in terms of level of organization and degree of abstraction, the following statement is true about the concepts of trait and type.
C) The concept of type suggests more organization and more abstraction than the concept of trait
- The text suggest that theories should have
D) All of the above
- The personality concept that refers to individual consistency and approximates the lay person’s concepts to describe people is
C) trait.
- How many questions are on the final and how many points are they worth?
A) 100 questions worth 1 point each
- The text emphasizes that a big difference between intuitive theories about people and scientific theories of personality is that the personality scientist must
D) All of the above
- How many total points are available in this class?
A) 1000
- Genetic research suggests that in different “racial” and ethnic human groups
C) most of our genetic makeup is shared, i.e., is common to all groups
- “Why” type questions are those that address
D) motivational characteristics
- The text defines personality mainly in terms of
A) consistent patterns of behavior
- Research suggests that temperament is
E) a & c
- Why are children from the same family so different?
D) All of the above
- Theories
D) all of the above
- In its description of the “toolkit” metaphor, the textbook notes that the idea that a theory could be wrong makes little sense. Instead, in evaluating theories, we might be better off asking how they are.
B) Useful
- Biologically-based personality tendencies evidence in early childhood are called
B) temperament
- According to the “toolkit” metaphor, what are some of the jobs a personality psychologist might want to accomplish?
E) All of the above
- Structural concepts refer to
A) stable aspects of personality
- Evidence of the importance of the common (shared) family environment is found in studies of
C) career choice
- According to the textbook, what is an advantage of the existence of multiple theories of personality?
D) An increase in the likelihood that a given theory will be challenged, thereby prompting its refinement, extension, and improvement
- Some possible contributions of theory are to
D) all of the above
- A clustering of traits is called a
B) type
- Parents influence their children’s behavior by
D) all of the above
- A critical question for personality theory concerns
B) how to conceptualize the role of the past and future
- Which of the following are emphasized as central to the study of personality?
A) individual differences and consistent patterns of functioning
- According to the text, theories serve to
B) organize the known and suggest new relationships to be found
- A numerical index of the degree to which two variables go together is the
A) correlation coefficient
- The question of whether different items on a test correlate with one another is a question of
C) internal reliability
- In correlational research the investigator
B) determines associations
- A limitation of case studies is that they
D) all of the above
- Findings of the ‘nun study’, discussed in the text, indicate that the experience of high levels of positive emotions is associated with higher
C) longevity
- In clinical research
D) all of the above
- The use of ratings in personality research illustrates
B) O-data
- The case of Sir Cyril Burt raised the issue of
D) data manipulation
- Research on personality and health indicates that high levels of heart disease risk factors are associated with high levels of
B) hostility
- Cues which are implicit in an experimental setting and which influence a subject’s behavior are known as
A) demand characteristics
- Which of the following is not true of correlational research
B) characteristics-variables are studied sequentially
- Researchers who use the correlational design are primarily interested in
C) differences among individuals
- Supporters of using verbal self-reports argue that
A) these are data
- Which of the following is not a feature of experimental research?
B) establishment consistent individual differences
- Performance on an intelligence test illustrates
C) T-data
- A relatively new concept in validity suggests that the best criteria for determining a measure’s validity is that (a) the quality being measured must exist and (b):
A) variations in the quality cause variations in some outcome
- Research on O-data suggests that
D) all of the above
- The study of an Algerian man named Ali, conducted by the psychologist Hubert Hermans, discussed in the text, was designed to
A) obtain a detailed portrait of the unique individual, Ali
- The fact that the group data may not reflect individual functioning is a potential argument for the use of
A) clinical research/ case studies
- Experimenter expectancy effects are illustrated by
A) the case of Clever Hans
- The potential for self-perception bias is greatest in
D) S-data
- Which of the following is not raised as an issue in the ethics of research?
A) potential for lack of valid observations
- Stereotype threat processes have been shown to affect the performance of
C) a & b
- Steele’s research on stereotype threat is an example of
B) an experiment
- Validity refers to
D) whether observations relate to the variables of interest
- Various factors affected Freud’s theory. Which of the following is not one of these influences?
C) academic psychology
- Research on repression suggests that
C) physiological arousal may not be perceived
- Voon et al. (2010) used fMRI to track the brain activation of people with and without conversion disorder. What results would Freud have predicted?
C) different strength of connection between regions associated with emotion and motor movement between the two groups
- In examination of the operation of mechanisms of defense one can expect them to appear
B) under conditions of threat
- Psychoanalytic theory suggests that the “Reality Principle” and the “Pleasure Principle” operate together in the following manner:
D) when the “reality principle” is functioning, the functions of the “pleasure principle” are temporarily suspended
- The major contribution of Erikson’s view is
B) the attention given to social-interpersonal factors in development
- The correct order of progression through Freud’s stages of psychosexual development is
C) oral – anal – phallic – latency – genital
- Research relating the appearance of psychological problems in children to earlier development suggests that
B) one can understand later pathology in terms of earlier experiences, but it is difficult to predict
- According to Freudian theory, personality is regarded as a hydraulic system with psychic energy being the currency of the system. According to Freud’s later formulations, which of the following were the two major sources of psychic energy?
D) life instinct and death instinct
- Psychoanalysis is
D) all of the above
- The defense mechanism in which the person attributes to others what is denied in the self is called
A) projection
- Another term for perception without awareness is
C) subliminal perception
- The development of the superego is often associated with the end of which stage of psychosexual development
B) phallic
- For Freud, the goal of all behavior is
C) pleasure
- Which of the following defense mechanisms involves replacement of the original object of gratification with a higher cultural goal?
B) sublimation
- At the heart of the psychoanalytic view of the person is that the person is
D) an energy system
- Relative to those low on repression, repressors
D) have trouble recalling negative emotions and early memories
- The mechanism of defense that is critical in alcohol and drug addiction is
B) denial
- Which of the following is present at birth?
A) id
- Research on thought suppression suggests that
A) this may contribute to the development of phobias
- Freud suggested that people function according to the
B) pleasure principle
- Freud sees society as
A) frustrating a person’s basic desires
- Id is to pleasure principle as ego is to
D) reality principle
- Which one of these events likely had an impact on Freud’s early childhood?
B) the death of his brother
- If someone were to feel guilty about wanting to strike his father after being provoked, even though the action was never carried out, Freud would probably say that guilt was due to the action of which of the following?
B) harsh superego
- At this point the evidence suggests that
C) there is evidence for both continuity and change
- The attitudes that the patient has toward the psychoanalyst which have their basis in attitudes toward earlier parental figures best describes
C) transference
- The theorist who emphasized the concept of a collective unconscious was
B) Jung
- According to research by Schutter and van Honk (2009), among people with a(n) attachment style, interpersonal loss was associated with lower neural volume in the cerebellum, whereas among people with a more attachment style, interpersonal loss was associated with higher neural volume in the cerebellum.
C) avoidant; secure
- The character type possessing the characteristics of being demanding, envious, and impatient
A) oral
- Orderliness and cleanliness; parsimony and stinginess; and obstinacy are typical of which of the following?
A) an anal character
- Which of the following was suggested in the interpretation of Jim’s projectives?
B) conflicted relationships with women
- According to psychoanalytic theory, the critical aspect of psychopathology is
B) conflict between wish and anxiety
- Which of the following is not a contrast emphasized by Jung?
D) complex-simple
- Which theorist placed a heavy emphasis on interpersonal forces in human development?
D) all of the above
- What is the role of the self archetype, according to Jung?
A) It is an unconscious force that motivates the individual to integrate the various opposing forces of the psyche
- Which of the following would not appear to be a negative part of the evaluation of psychoanalytic theory?
B) it has led to few observations
- Psychoanalytic treatment aims toward
C) greater ego strength
- Little Hans was afraid of horses because (of) B) castration anxiety
- According to Bowlby, the ABS A) has adaptive value
- Adler and Jung are different from Freud in that they
B) place lesser emphasis on sex and aggression
- The narcissistic personality type
B) is vulnerable to blows to self-esteem
- Adler’s concept for people’s response to organ weaknesses and psychological feelings of inferiority was
C) compensatory strivings
- in psychoanalysis, which of the following involves the reenactment of old conflicts?
A) transference neurosis
- The case of Little Hans is important in illustrating
D) infantile sexuality
- Which of the following is not a contributor to change in psychoanalysis?
B) the superego helps in the control of the instincts
- Which of the following is not found to be a characteristic of narcissistic individuals?
D) all are characteristic
- It is surprising to learn that the cerebellum is implicated in attachment processing because the cerebellum is primarily involved in:
A) motor movement
- In the transference situation, the struggle for power and control may be viewed as associated with
B) the anal character
- The stage in which the child identifies with the parent of the same sex
C) phallic
- Which of the following is not typically a measure of the self-concept?
C) Rorschach
- With which of the following statements would Rogers be most likely to disagree?
A) there is no one self but many selves
- According to current research, recognition of the self
B) is limited to humans and chimps
- Research by Lieberman, Jarcho, and Sapute (2004) confirms the Rogerian idea that people have a core
sense of self
B) intuitive
- For Rogers, the self is made up of
A) an organization of parts
- According to the research by Block and Robins, during adolescence self-esteem
A) increases in males and decreases in females
- Which of the following was not employed by phenomenologists?
D) MMPI
- On the Q-sort, the subject distributes the statements according to
B) a normal distribution
- Subception is the process through which experiences unavailable to awareness can lead to
C) anxiety
- The person’s perceptions of the world make up the
B) phenomenal field
- Parents of children with high self-esteem
A) set clearly defined limits which are enforced
- Parental attitudes and practices are very important factors in the development of self-esteem in children. The research on the subject to date indicates that
B) parents of high self-esteem children tend to set behavioral guidelines and enforce them consistently
- in research by D’Argembeau et al. (2010), the medial prefrontal cortex of participants’ brains became more active when they thought about their selves, relative to when they thought of their selves.
A) present actual; future ideal
- Which of the following is not part of the phenomenal field?
D) all of the above
- Congruence involves bringing together
C) feelings and self concept
- The process of subception refers to
A) cases in which an individual can experience a stimulus without bringing it into awareness
- Parents with high self-esteem were found to
C) make clear demands
- A discrepancy between self and experience leads to the state of
A) incongruence
- Parents who communicate negative appraisals may be suspected of
A) having low self-regard
- As Rogers conceptualizes it, a number of meaningful statements can be made about the “self.” Which of the following statements would Rogers agree with?
C) the “self” represents an organized set of perceptions
- Efforts to maintain self-consistency have been demonstrated in relation to
D) all of the above
- Two major defensive processes described by Rogers are
A) distortion and denial
- The psychoanalytic concept most relevant to that of self-actualization is
B) ego
- According to the phenomenological position
B) for normal, the phenomenological field contains chiefly conscious perceptions
- A measure of the self-concept used frequently by Rogers in his research is called
B) Q technique
- Work on contingencies of self-worth indicates that people’s self-esteem
C) fluctuates
- The classification of defenses is
A) more critical to Freud than Rogers
- Which of the following positive states of consciousness do not characterize what Mihaly
Csikszentmihalyi refers to as “flow”?
E) all of the above characterize “flow”
- Within the Rogerian framework, the neurotic person is a person
C) whose self-concept does not reflect accurately organismic experience
- According to research by Zhu, Ziang, Fan, and Han (2007), if we were to examine the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) of college students from the East and from the West as they thought about themselves and about their mothers, what would we be likely to find?
A) Eastern students’ MPFCs would look the same while they were thinking about themselves and their mothers
- In therapy, Rogers would be likely to use
C) verbal self reports
- Evidence suggests a relationship between alcohol abuse and
D) self-consciousness
- Improvement in client-centered therapy has been found to be associated with
C) lower self-ideal discrepancies
- Freud emphasized strict neutrality on the part of the therapist. Rogers would
B) disagree with this
- People who experience Flow on a regular basis
A) are happier than other people
- Limitations of Rogers’ theory includes
D) all of the above
- Terror management’s predictions rest on what major assumption?
C) Humans are unique because they have both a desire to live and an awareness of the inevitability of death
- What percentage of our happiness set-point is determined by genetics?
C) 50%
- Rogers believes that the phenomenological approach
B) can be supplemented by other approaches
- Which of the following concepts is illustrated by the quote, “I became completely ‘lost’ in what I was doing, unaware of time, other obligations, or other people”?
D) Flow
- For Rogers, the single most important element contributing to therapeutic change is
B) the therapeutic atmosphere
- What did Sartre mean by his claim that “existence precedes essence”?
D) Humans are not born with essential qualities; rather, those qualities develop as they experience the world
- How might Freud have responded to Sartre’s claim that people have unique mental capacities that give us free will?
B) he would have disagreed, on the basis of his belief that behavior is largely determined by uncontrollable unconscious forces
- According to Rogers, when a person distorts behavior so as to make it consistent with the self, it is called
c) rationalization
- What percentage of our happiness is determined by things that we have control over?
B) 40%
- A criticism of the existential approach is that it
B) abandons hope to lawful prediction
- According to Frankl, existential frustration involves lack of
A) fulfillment of the will-to-meaning
- Which is not a distinguishing characteristic of client-centered therapy?
C) importance of diagnoses
- Which of the following is not a distinguishing characteristic of client-centered therapy?
C) emphasis on a detached therapist attitude
- Rogers’ theory of personality emphasized
C) change
- Allport is noteworthy in suggesting that people
A) select situations
- Which of the following statements is true?
D) introverts are more influenced by punishments, extraverts by rewards
- Which type of data relates to behavior in laboratory situations?
C) Ot-data
- Which of the following statements is false?
C) introverts tend to be more suggestible than extraverts
- The basis assumption of the trait point of view is that
B) people possess broad predispositions to respond
- The trait theorist who would most likely provide for the greatest number of traits was
A) allport
- The trait theorist whose research methods were most similar to Freud’s case study method was
A) allport
- In one way or another, Eysenck’s views conflict with those of
D) all of the above
- People high on Eysenck’s psychoticism factor tend to be
C) both a and b
- which of the following is not a trait category suggested by Cattell?
A) sociability
- Students withdrawing from college for academic reasons tend to be whereas those withdrawing for personal reasons tend to be .
B) extraverts-introverts
- According to Allport, the concept of trait expresses
A) a range of possible behavior
- Which is not a dimension of Eysenck’s theory?
B) narcissism
- Which is not a property of traits?
B) centrality
- It is important for Cattell’s theory that different types of data should yield
B) the same personality traits or factors
- Which form of data relates to behavior in everyday situations?
D) L-data
- Which of the following trait theorists has been associated with the application of trait theory to abnormal behavior?
B) Eysenck
- According to Eysenck, the basis for individual differences in introversion-extraversion is differences in
A) physiological functioning
- For Eysenck, the concept of superfactory
model
C) refers to basic dimensions that allow all individuals to be located within a two dimensional
- Allport’s ordering of traits from most to least generalized and consistent is
A) cardinal, central, secondary
- Allport’s concept of functional autonomy suggests that
D) motives originally based on tension-reduction can become independent sources of pleasure
- Kehoe et al. found that among those high in extraversion, there was greater activity in the insula, an area of the brain that contributes to our subjective conscious experience of emotion. Which of the following summarizes how well this fits with Eysenck’s prediction about the biological basis of extraversion?
A) it contradicts it
- According to Allport, situation characteristics
B) help to explain variability in behavior
- According to Allport, which of the following represent the least conspicuous and generalized dispositions?
B) secondary traits
- The 16 PF is an example of
C) Q-data
- Trait data on Jim brought out his
A) mood swings
- Which of the following is not one of the Big 5?
B) honesty
- Laboratory situations are problematic for the study of traits because
C) they restrict the range of individual differences
- Research on age differences during adulthood are faced with the problem of
B) cohort effects
- DeYoung and colleagues (2010) were able to identify brain regions correlated with variations in Big Five traits/ Your textbook authors note that one reason one must exercise caution when interpreting these results is that “the brains’ various regions are enormously interconnected.” What did they mean by this?
D) the connectivity makes focusing on one brain area problematic because several brain areas are active during a given complex task
- Recent research on the five-factor model indicates that
C) individual people may show personality tendencies that vary from the population structure
- Which of the following is not a likely contribution to trait stability?
D) all of these contribute to stability
- According to the concept of intrinsic maturation, personality traits are
A) largely uninfluenced by the environment
- The best measure of OCEAN is
C) NEO-PI
- The NEO-PI is a
B_ questionnaire
- The text suggests that the data support the view that
D) all of the above
- The trait position suggests
C) both (a) and (b)
- The text suggests that trait theory is
A) growing in popularity
- The Five-Factor Model appears to be useful in
A) describing personality disorders
- At an extreme end of a trait dimension, personality can be
C) both (a) and (b)
- Relative to personality structure in adulthood, that in childhood is
C) both (a) and (b)
- NEO-PI data on Jim suggested that he and his wife disagreed on the trait(s) of
A) N
- Which is not a strength of trait theory?
D) development of static concepts
- Research by Twenge indicates that, in the past few decades, scores on the personality trait of anxiety have in the population at large
A) increased
- According to the Five-Factor Model, personality disorders are best understood as
C) extremes of traits
- McCrae an dCosta suggest that
C) progressions of personality development are fixed in order and time
- The existence of universal terms for describing individual differences would be an evolutionary perspective
A) consistent with
- Disagreement concerning trait measures is greatest concerning
B) facets
- The text suggests that the Big Five model can integrate the work of
C) both (a) and (b)
- Critics of trait theory mostly focus on the problem of
A) cross-situational consistency
- In the Brain DVD, what do we learn from Clive Waring?
C) personality and memory must reside in different structures in the brain because his personality stayed the same even though his memory was impaired
- According to Clark and Watson, which of the following is associated with a willingness to engage the environment?
A) PE
- Which of the following is associated with the stress response?
C) cortisol
- Criticism of evolutionary psychology include
D) all of the above
- Which of the following is not true?
A) genetic factors account for the majority of personality
- In the study of maze-bright and maze-dull rats, it was found that
C) both a and b
- High scorers on DvC tend
A) be “night owls”
- Genetic research on personality suggests that
D) all of the above
- Which of the following tends to change in relation to winning and losing in sports?
A) testosterone levels
- The best interpretation of Kagan’s data is that
A) temperament sets constraints on personality development
- In a simplified form, research on twins suggest that
C) both a and b
- Research by Caspi et al indicates that is (are) a main cause of antisocial behavior
C) an interaction of a and b
- If you unfolded a human brain, it would be the size of
C) four sheets of paper
- Evidence of the importance of nonshared environments suggests that
D) neither a nor b
- The finding that male-female trait differences are greater in developed, egalitarian cultrues than in less developed, less egalitarian cultures would be supportive of a(n) interpretation
B) evolutionary
- Research indicates that depressed individuals have
B) decreased left hemispheric activity
- Kagan found that inhibited children had
B) high cortisol responses
- Which of the following has been implicated in DvC?
D) all of the above
- Recent research suggests that children from the same family are so different because of
C) both a and b
- The case of Phineas Gage illustrates the importance of the brain
A) for specific personality characteristics
- Which of the following is not a method used to establish genetic-behavior relationships?
D) DNS studies
- Neuroscientist Elizabeth Gould discovered that baby rats traumatized by separation from a care- giving adult for several hours a day formed fewer neurons in their brain later in life. Her research suggests
C) that experience can affect brain structure
- When the Cirque Du Soleil performers were balancing on the wires and balls, what part of the brain were they using most to control their balance?
D) the cerebellum
- Biological sibling differences can be due to
D) all of the above
- The text describes Gall as
C) a serious anatomist
- The concept of schedules of reinforcement relates to
C) rates and intervals
- For Skinner, money is
B) a generalized reinforce
- Behavioral and trait approaches share an emphasis on
B) empirical investigation
- A distinguishing feature of behavioral assessment is an emphasis on
B) specific responses in specific situations
- Behavioral assessment is associated with theories that
D) none of the above
- Choose the item that correctly sequences the order of events that occurred in Aplysia in Kandel’s
(2000) study.
C) shock trial – interneurons release neurotransmitters – motor neurons increase activit – gill withdrawal reflex
- Behaviorists generally believe that
A) it is possible to generalize from the laboratory to real life
- According to Skinner, qualities of learned behavior are influenced by reinforce
D) all of the above
- Pavlov found that the failure to distinguish between the circle and ellipse as CS resulted in
B) experimental neurosis
- Pavlov suggested that thought processes
A) were part of a second signal system
- According to Skinner, complex behaviors are build up through
B) successive approximations
- Skinner’s research emphasizes
B) the study of individual organisms
- Behavioral assessment
A) generally is tied to treatment objectives
- The benefit of using Aplysia to study the neural and biochemical processes that allow for classical conditioning in simple organisms is that:
C) they have few nerve cells and so we can observe cell-by-cell changes that occur during conditioning
- Based on the relative permanency of effect and utility in modifying behavior, Skinner emphasized the use of reinforcement in the shaping of behavior.
A) positive
- Skinnerians would not favor systematic desensitization because
B) it emphasizes mental imagery
- Behavioral and self-report data
C) do not always match one another
- The repeated presentation of a bell with electric shock will lead to the bell becoming
A) a CS
- The effect of punishment is to
A) decrease the probability of a response
- Skinner called emitted responses
D) operants
- Pavlov’s work was suggestive to Skinner in terms of
B) emphasizing the importance of controlling environmental conditions
- A critical difference between psychoanalytic and behavioral interpretations of psychopathology is
B) one emphasizes the organization of responses, the other does not
- The learning theory approach to psychology tends to emphasize the approach to research
D) experimental
- In Kandel’s (2000) study with Aplysia, what was the conditioned stimulus (CS)?
c) stimulation to part of the body that causes gill withdrawal reflex, when touched
- Longstanding disgust for certain foods may be based on
C) classical conditioning
- Development of the construct system is facilitated by
A) varied experiences
- Fixed-role therapy does not involve
B) believing yourself to be a new person
- According to Kelly, a construct
C) both (a) and (b)
- Kelly’s concept of a submerged construct is most similar to
A) Freud’s repression
- For Kelly, anxiety it
C) the result of not having constructs for a situation
- Studies of cognitive style and leadership suggest that
C) different styles are necessary at different times
- Studies of cognitive complexity have suggested that
A) subjects high in cognitive complexity try to make use of inconsistent information in forming an impression
- Kelly’s theory advocates that person’s own personality is made up of
A) the entire construct system
- James Bieri has extended Kelly’s work on cognitive personality theory by working with the concept of cognitive complexity-simplicity. Among other things, his research seems to indicate that
B) cognitively simple system people tend to stress differences among themselves and others
- According to Kelly, a construct is a
B) way of interpreting events
- Prior to international crises, communications between nations in conflict tend to be
A) concrete
- One interesting question that arises from Kelly’s theory is how a person chooses for himself one end of a dichotomized construct. According to Kelly, a person chooses the alternative one that
B) allows the greatest possibility for extension and definition of the construct system
- For Kelly, the response to threat may be
D) all of the above
- A critical problem for a construct system is
C) both (a) and (b)
- People have many different notions about what the goals of science are. Kelly felt that the goal of science is
A) the development of construct systems that are helpful in anticipating events
- According to Kelly, a dimension is formed by
B) more than one construct
- The Rep Test is a useful device for getting at
A) personal meanings
- Kelly suggested that a problem with psychologists is
D) all of the above
- Beilock et al. (2008) analyzed the brain scans of hockey experts and novices as they thought about hockey and found that:
A) experts’ and novices’ brains looked very similar, except that the experts had an additional brain area become more active: the premotor cortex
- A person anticipating the entrance of a new construct into the construct system would be most likely to experience , according to Kelly’s system.
C) fear
- Fixed-role therapy encourages clients to
D) all of the above
- As children develop, their construct system
A) increases in hierarchical organization
- Structural concepts about in personality theories—Kelly’s included. What was the key structural concept behind Kelly’s “man the scientist”?
C) the construct
- For Kelly, theories are
C) modifiable
- The suggestions may be made that constructs most likely
A) facilitate experience and recall
- With regard to the personality variable of competencies, goals, evaluative standards, and expectancies, social cognitive theorists
D) would never give people one overall score on each
- Which of the following statements best describe the social cognitive theory approach to personality assessment, specifically, their approach to assessing perceived self-efficacy?
A) self-efficacy perceptions should be assessed using self-report measures that describe specific situations individuals will confront
- Social cognitive theorists are critical of earlier learning theories because of their
A) neglect of cognitive variables
- According to theorizing by Bandura and colleagues, the disengagement of moral standards allows people to:
D) all of the above
- Vicarious conditioning occurs in
C) both (a) and (b)
- In Michel’s delay of gratification paradigm, children get a large reward if they
A) wait for a designated period of time
- In social cognitive theory, one of the ways in which self-regulation is achieved is
C) through the use of internal standards and self-evaluation
- Which of the following is not a structural unity emphasized by social cognitive theory?
D) generalized expectancies
- Modeling involves the acquisition of
C) both (a) and (b)
- Social cognitive personality theorists are critical of approaches that emphasize
D) all of the above
- The development of intrinsic interest is enhanced by
D) all of the above
- According to social cognitive theory, goals
C) allow us to organize behavior over extended periods of time
- According to research by Casey et al. (2011), people low in the ability to delay gratification displayed more processing in the striatum, an area of the brain associated with processing reward information. How does this provide insight into the ability to delay gratification?
C) it indicates that in order to delay gratification, one must become a little less sensitive to environmental rewards
- In observational learning, a critical distinction is made between
A) acquisition and performance
- Social-cognitive theorists are critical of trait theory because they think that
A) variability in action is important to understanding people’s personality, yet is relatively disregarded by trait theory
- A major theme is Bandura’s work is that people
D) all of the above
- Social cognitive theorists strongly emphasize
A) variability in behavior
- A feature that differentiates social cognitive theory from behaviorism is the two theories’ different views of
D) expectancies
- Social cognitive theory recognizes that people differ not only because of their different emotions and motives, but because of their different
B) competencies
- knowledge can be stated in words, whereas knowledge cannot.
B) declarative; procedural
- According to Bandura, greater effort follows from
A) not meeting one’s standards
- Research reveals that playing violent video games
A) increase people’s aggression
- In Michel’s delay of gratification paradigm, children wait longest if they see
D) neither reward
- A numerical value that can influence people’s estimates of a quantity is called
C) an anchor value
- Research by Bandura and Cervone indicates that motivation is best increased by
C) a and b
- Of particular importance in the development of self-schemas are
C) emotionally significant experiences
- The best way of increasing self-efficacy is by
D) mastery experiences
- In Stress Innoculation Training, the person
D) all of the above
- In Dweck’s research, beliefs that we cannot state in words are called
A) implicit theories
- Dweck’s research on goals and behavior reveals that, when faced with a difficult task, children who have doubts about their abilities and adopt goals are likely to experience negative emotions, negative thoughts about themselves, and to fail, whereas those who adopt goals will be relatively more successful.
D) performance goals; learning goals
- If a person had a view of the self as intelligent and a view of intelligence as fixed, but did poorly on an exam, one would expect them to
A) try harder on the next exam
- Work by the psychologist Tory Higgins on self-concept, self-discrepancies, and emotion indicates that people tend to feel when they experience a discrepancy between the .
A) anxious; actual and ought self
- Research by Swann indicates that strongly prefer positive feedback about the self.
C) people with positive self-views
- Stress occurs when
D) all of the above
- RET was developed by
B) Ellis
- Research on sexual self-schema suggests that women with high scores
A) are more sexually active
- Research on gender differences and self-schemas suggests that
D) self-schemas are influenced by social norms about gender
- According to Lazarus, the concept of stress
C) both (a) and (b)
- In research on changes in phobia behavior, self-efficacy perceptions show correlation with actual behavior
B) a strong positive
- According to evidence from the ways of coping scale,
A) the use of specific coping methods is strongly influenced by the situation
- RET stands for Ellis’
B) rational emotive therapy
- Bandura’s approach to therapy emphasizes
A) mastery experiences
- Cognitive therapy attempts to change
C) both (a) and (b)
- Meichenbaum’s approach has much in common with that of
A) Kelly
- Once we have developed self-schemas there is a
A) self-confirming bias
- Evaluation of what is at stake occurs in
A) primary appraisal
- In Markus’ self-schema measure, a person is said to be schematic with regard to a personality attribute if they
A) give a very high or low rating on the attribute
- According to Beck’s model of depression
B) the cognitive triad causes depression
- According to Markus, self-schemas
D) influence what we can recall
- Markus, in her research on self-schemas, relied upon methods.
D) reaction-time
- The quote from Clifford Geertz suggests that
D) there is no such thing as human nature without culture
- Research by Elder et al. on ill-temperedness finds that this personality variable
A) has different effects among women than men
- Research by Ayduk et al. demonstrates the importance of
C) attentional focus
- It has been found that, among defensive pessimists
E) none of the above
- Compared in Western nations, in Asian cultures self concept is
D) more interdependent
- Transference
E) none of the above
- Baltes’ analysis of selection processes has been applied mainly to issues of personality and
B) older adult development
- Research by Ayduk et al. demonstrates that people can control their emotions regarding interpersonal relationships by focusing on
B) cool aspects of the past experience
- Research based on the KAPA model of personality architecture demonstrates that people have consistently high self-efficacy appraisal across situations
B) linked to positive self-schemas
- Research based on the KAPA model of personality architecture demonstrates that
D) social-cognitive analyses can illuminate questions of cross-situational consistency
- Optimism and defensive pessimism
C) are contextualized and personality variables
- Socioemotional selectivity theory examines life-course changes in
B) motives
- Research indicates that older adults show very high levels of
D) resilience
- Kosfeld, Heinrichs, Zak, Fischbacher, and Fehr (2005) found that research participants who had been given a nasal spray containing oxytocin were later more a teammate in a financial game
B) trusting of
- Academic optimists and defensive pessimists differ in their
B) strategies for achievement
- People in India have been found to be less likely to attribute causes of actions to
A) personality characteristics
- The idea that personality and culture are mutually constitutive means that
C) personality and culture make each other up
- Research based on the KAPA model of personality architecture reveals personality consistency across
A) idiosyncratic sets of situations
- Research investigating native people’s of Bali indicates that in this nation
A) personal names are not used as frequently as in Western nations
- Research in academic settings reveals that defensive pessimists optimists.
C) do about the same as
- The effects of strategies such as optimism and defensive pessimism are most apparent
B) during life transitions
- Socioemotional selectivity theory suggest that awareness of is important to development
A) one’s life span
- Rejection sensitivity is
C) a contextualized personality variable
- In recent years, personality psychologists have focused on personality factors in
A) laboratory settings
- Work by Downey and Feldman documents the impact of rejection sensitivity on
C) relationship outcomes
- The text argues that an important question for personality theory is whether it
D) yields useful applications
- Media modeling to reduce HIV/AIDS D) none of the above
- Jim was most impressed with the data from the
D) none of the above
- The therapy in which individuals are asked to behave as if they were a different person is
A) fixed-role therapy
- The contrast between internal and external views of behavior is most clearly seen in the following contrast
D) psychoanalysis – social cognitive theory
- The case of Jim suggests that
B) developments would have been difficult to predict
- A useful principle for bringing about social change is
C) media modeling
- Research reviewed in the text on questions of social change suggests that the most useful personality theory for bringing about change is theory.
D) social cognitive
- An emphasis on stages of development is least consistent with
C) social cognitive theory
- According to the text, the task for personality psychology is to
A) account for patterns of stability and change
- The psychoanalytic emphasis on stages of development can be contrasted with (i.e., is unlike) C) both (a) and (b)
- Of the personality theorists reviewed is considered to be the most explicit about stating his view of the person.
A) George Kelly
- Longitudinal data on Jim suggests evidence of
C) both (a) and (b)
- The psychoanalytic emphasis on motivation can be contrasted with
A) trait theory
- Which of the following would appear to be least compatible with one another?
A-) Bandura – five-factor theory
- The social cognitive emphasis on the potential for change can be contrasted with
B) trait theory
- Which of the following had the least to say about psychopathology?
A) Allport
- The psychoanalytic view of the importance of early experiences for personality development can be contrasted with (i.e., is unlike)
D) neither (a) nor (b)
- A consistent area of emphasis in the text is the effect of a theorist’s view of the person on the theory of personality. With regard to this issue, the text suggests
C0 that one should always ask whether an interpretation is a necessary conclusion from the data or whether it represent the theorist’s personal view of human nature
- The person as a problem solver would be least associated with the views of
C) Cattell
- The text suggests that views about human nature
B) influence areas studied most thoroughly
- The text emphasizes that
C) both (a) and (b)
- The text’s general conclusion with regard to the study of personality is
C) the total picture of the nature of personality is far from complete
- The concept of self is most clearly absent in which of the following?
D) the concept of self is present in all of the above
- The clearest contrast in emphasis on past, present, and future-related variables is between
D0 Kelly’s theory and psychoanalysis
- Research suggests that temperament is: I. E. a &c
- An important aspect of cultural influences on personality is that:
I. Often we are unaware of the influence
- According to the text, theories serve to
I. Organize the known and suggest new relationships to be found
- Biologically-based personality tendencies evidence in early childhood are called
I. Temperament
- Genetic research suggests that in different “racial” and ethnic human groups
I. Most of our genetic makeup is shared, i.e., is common to all groups
- In general terms, the text suggests that the science of personality
I. All of the above
- The text suggests that theories should have
I. All of the above
- How many of the weekly quizzes count towards that final grade
I. 12/15
- A critical question for personality theory concerns
I. How to conceptualize the role of the past and future
- Which of the following has been a traditional reason for emphasis on the concept of self?
I. All of the above
- A “system”
I. All of the above
- The concept of reaction range suggests that the following set limits on personality development
I. Genes
- Relative to one another in terms of level of organization and degree of abstraction, the following statement is true about the concepts of trait and type
I. The concept of type suggests more organization and more abstraction than the concept
of trait
- Thoughts, feelings, and behavior make up the
I. Psychological triad
- The text suggests that
I. Theory is fundamental to the study of personality
- Structural concepts refer to
I. Stable aspects of personality
- Internal states of tension that activate action are called
I. Drives
- Theories
I. All of the above
- What is the last day to complete hours for the CCE and turn the paperwork to the CCE?
I. November 22
- Pinker’s book The Blank Slate argues that
I. The mind is primarily a product of biological evolution
- The extreme views on whether the determinants of behavior are internal or external are represented by which pair of names?
I. Freud/Skinner
- The more stable aspects of the person’s functioning and the more fluid, changing aspects are covered by the concepts of
I. Structure and process
- It is most important that a theory be
I. Useful
- A unique feature of a coarse in personality psychology is that, unlike other courses, the focus is
on
I. The whole person
- According to the “toolkit” metaphor, which of the following can be categorized as “tools”
contained within a theory?
I. All of the above
- The theories and research of scientific personality psychologists differ from those of the ordinary person in being
I. More explicit and testable
- The tendency to answer questions in a consistent way is called
I. Response style
- Which of the following is a potential limitation of experimental research?
I. Limited generality of findings due to artificial setting
- The case of Sir Cyril Burt raised the issue of
I. Data manipulation
- The effort to gain control over the variables of interest and establish if-then casual relationships is descriptive of which approach to research?
I. Experimental
- Ratings of an individual made by parents, friends, or teachers are an example of….data
I. O-data
- Researchers who use the correlation design are primarily interested in
I. Differences among individuals
- Validity refers to
I. Whether observations relate to the variables of interest
- In clinical research
I. All of the above
- The study of an Algerian man named Ali, conducted by the psychologist Hubert Hermans, discussed in the text, is an example of:
I. A case study
- The text suggests that
I. Theory and research are closely related
- Subjects conforming to what they believe the experimenter expects most illustrates the problem
of
I. Demand characteristics
- Reliability refers to
I. The replicability of observations
- A(n)….detects variations in blood flow, whereas a(n)….records electrical activity of neurons
I. fMRI; EEG
- Anxiety about conforming to beliefs that others hold about a group of which you are a member is called:
I. Stereotype threat
- An advantage of personality tests and questionnaires is that they
I. Provide for the study of many variables
- In correlational research the investigator
I. Determines associations
- The study of an Algerian man named Ali, conducted by the psychologist Hubert Hermans, discussed in the text, was designed to
I. Obtain a detailed portrait of the unique individual, Ali
- Problems of response style and social desirability are particularly relevant to
I. Questionnaires
- Which of the following qualities to the EEG and fMRI share?
I. They both indicate which areas of the brain are most active during a given task
- The ‘nun study’, discussed in the text, is an example of
I. A correlational study
- Evidence concerning demand characteristics suggests that
I. Subjects ascribe meaning and purpose to the experimental situation
- Manipulating one variable and observing its effects on another variable is characteristic of
I. Experimental research
- The term “function” in functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) refers to: I. A given task the person might be asked to do
- The case of Clever Hans illustrates
I. Experimenter expectancy effects
- The psychoanalytic concept for the aspect of human functioning associated with rewards for striving for ideals and punishments for violating moral standards is the
I. Superego
- The process when you remove a thought or wish from consciousness is
I. Repression
- Emotional relief gained through talking about ones problems is covered under the concepts of
I. Catharsis
- Which of the following is an identity status emphasized by Marcia?
I. Multiple identity
- The mechanism of defense that is critical in alcohol and drug addiction is
I. Denial
- Which of the following is not true?
I. The unconscious tracks time and space
- Research indicates that events of early childhood may leave and emotional memory that influences later functioning without the person having a conscious memory of the event. This is because a part of the brain, the amygdala, is involved at that point in time but prior to the development of more mature brain structures involved in memory, such as the hippocampus. This finding is
I. Consistent with both psychoanalytic theory and cognitive science
- At the heart of the psychoanalytic view of the person is that the person is
I. An energy system
- If someone were to feel guilty about wanting to strike his father after being provoked, even though the action was never carried out, Freud would probably say that guilt was due to the action of which of the following?
I. Harsh superego
- Psychoanalytic theory suggests that the “Reality Principle” and the “Pleasure Principle” operate together in the following manner:
I. When the “reality principle” is functioning, the functions of the “pleasure principle” are
temporarily suspended
- The stage of development where excitation and tension comes to focus in the genitals is the
I. Phallic stage
- A critical element of subliminal psychodynamic activation research is that
I. The stimuli must be perceived subliminally
- The psychoanalytic structure that operates to the pleasure principle is the
I. Id
- Various factors affected Freud’s theory. Which of the following is not one of these influences?
I. Academic psychology
- Which of the following is an erogenous zone according to psychoanalytic theory?
I. All of the above
- The id
I. Seeks pleasure
- Intellectualization occurs with the defense mechanism of
I. Isolation
- The student who said (s)he flunked the major exam because the questions were childish is using the defense mechanism called
I. Rationalization
- The defense mechanism of isolation is where
I. The normal affect accompanying certain thoughts is denied
- The defense mechanism that transforms anxiety-producing feelings ito their opposite is
I. Reaction formation
- Which defense mechanism plays a part in all other defense mechanisms?
I. Repression
- “Not looking” is expressive of the mechanism of defense called
I. Denial
- Relative to those low on repression, repressors
I. Have trouble recalling negative emotions and early memories
- Research on though suppression suggests that
I. This may contribute to the development of phobias
- Which of the following defense mechanisms involves replacement of the original object of gratification with a higher cultural goal?
I. Sublimation
- Which procedure is used to assign infants to attachment categories?
I. Strange situation procedure
- According to the text, the improvement of patients in psychoanalytic treatment is
I. Greater than in other forms of therapy
- Research suggests that compared to nonnarcissistic individual, narcissist prefer
I. Admiring partners
- Psychoanalytic treatment aims towards
I. Greater ego strength
- It is surprising to learn that the cerebellum is implicated in attachment processing because the cerebellum is primarily involved in:
I. Motor movement
- Bowlby’s concept of working models refers to
I. Mental representations
- Alder and Jung are different from Freud in that they
I. Place lesser emphasis on sex and aggression
- Freud in the case of “Little Hans”, the phobia he developed of horses was mostly determined by
I. Conflicts associated with the Oedipal situation
- According to the psychoanalytic theory, various forms of pathology are associated with
I. All of the above
- Concerning the projective tests given to Jim, text suggests that they
I. Captured the world of the irrational
- Individuals scoring high on narcissism feel
I. Comfortable in front of mirrors
- Change occurs in psychoanalysis because
I. All of the above
- The analyst who emphasized the early relationships between the infant and the mother – the development of anxiety and sense of self was
I. Sullivan
- Which of the following was a problem with analyzing the case of “Little Hans?” I. All of the above were problems
- A major criticism of psychoanalytic theory is
I. The concepts are too removed from measurable behavior
- Which of the following is not a contributor to change in psychoanalysts?
I. The superego helps in the control of the instincts
- Individuals scoring high on narcissism have been found to demonstrate a
I. Self-enhancement bias
- According to psychoanalytic theory, neurosis reflect a connection between
I. Id and ego
- The attachment behavioral system relates to the development of a
I. Both a and b
- The this point the evidence suggests that
I. There is evidence for both continuity and change
- Karen Horney’s major difference with Freud was over the relative importance of
I. Biological and cultural influences
- A person who deals with basic anxiety by being very dependent on others would be illustrative
of
I. The moving toward neurotic trend
- Projective methods often are seen as valuable in
I. Offering insight into the private world of meaning
- Good-me, bad-me, not-me are concepts of
I. Sullivan
- Buchiheim et al.’s (2009) research implicates which of the following neurotransmitters in attachment processes?
I. Oxytocin
- Which of the following is not suggested as an important aspect of parent-child
interaction?
I. Degree of narcissism
- In terms of the potential for discovery of laws of personality, Rogers is
I. Optimistic
- Research by Lieberman, Jarcho, and Sapute (2004) confirms the Rogarian idea that
people have a core….sense of self
I. Intuitive
- Compared to people with high self-esteem, research shows that people with low self esteem
I. Are less motivated to improve their negative moods
- A discrepancy between self and experience leads to the state of
I. Incongruence
- Relative to nondefensive subjects, defensive subjects are likely to
I. Recall fewer stimuli inconsistent with the self
- Rogers’ theory of personality is associated with a particular view of human nature. That view is reflected in which of the following statements?
I. Self-actualization is essentially the same as Freud’s concept of socialization
- Research by Lieberman, Jarcho, and Sapute (2004) indicates that when people think intuitively about themselves the brain regions that become active are those that are relatively more connected to emotional life, including an area of the temporal lobe, the posterior cingulate cortex, and the…
I. Amygdala
- Which of the following does not have a significant effect on the development of self- esteem in children?
I. Amount of education
- The concept of self- actualization
I. Can be measured in terms of projective tests
- With which of the following statements would Rogers be most likely to disagree?
I. There is no one self but many selves
- The phenomenological approach emphasizes
I. All of the above
- For Rogers, defense occurs to the threat of
I. Loss of positive regard
- For Rogers, the highest authority is
I. Experience
- Parents with high self- esteem were found to
I. Make clear demands
- Freud’s concept of the superego might be related to Rogers’ concept of
I. Need for positive regard
- Congruence is a synonym for
I. Genuineness
- Stephenson developed the
I. Q-sort technique
- Congruence involves bringing together
I. None of the above
- In the Q-sort, the subject
I. Sorts statements into categories following a normal distribution
- The utilization of the views of others to define the self is expressed in the concept of
I. Reflected appraisals
- An outstanding feature of the Q-sort is that
I. It provides for comparisons of concepts
- Parents who communicate negative appraisals may be suspected of
I. Having low self-regard
- Which of the following was not employed by phenomenologists?
I. MMPI
- The phenomenal approach emphasizes how
I. Both a and b
- The study by Tugade and Fredrickson (2004), it was found that people who experienced….emotions during a stressful event experienced….stress
I. Positive; less
- According to Frankl, existential frustration involves lack of
I. Fulfillment of the will-to-meaning
- Maslow characterized actualizing people as being
I. All of the above
- Which of the following positive states of consciousness do not characterize what Mihaly
Csikszentmihalyi refers to as “flow”?
I. All of the above characterize “flow”
- According to terror management theory, what factor (s) buffer (s) individuals against the anxiety associated with the inevitability of death?
I. Social and cultural institutions that furnish meaning in life
- The ability of the therapist to comprehend the phenomenal field of the patient is
associated with the concept of
132.
133.
134.
- I. I. I. I. Empathetic understanding
Roger’s theory of personality emphasized
Change
Research by Heine et al. demonstrates that
The distribution of self-esteem scores differs in Asia vs. North America
Rogers theory of change provides for
If-then statements
What goal(s) underlie Seligman and colleagues’ development of a classification of
human strengths?
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
- I.
I. I. I. I. I. Both a and b are correct
Which of the following is not a Rogerian conceptualization? Use of disguised tests
According to the existential view, certain problems
Are inherent in the nature of existence
The Freudian and Rogerian views
Both emphasize conflict, anxiety, and defense An important finding from Rogers’ work is that None of the above
People who experience flow on a regular basis
Are happier than other people
Research suggests that relative to externally determined goals, the pursuit of
autonomous goals results in
142.
- I.
I. All of the above
The ultimate goal for Rogers was a
State of organism-self congruence
According to terror management theory, if cultural beliefs buffer agains fear of death,
and if people are induced to think about death, then they should display a stronger-than-usual
need to…., and to…., their cultural beliefs
144.
145.
146.
- I. I. I. I. Possess; defend
A concept shared by Freudian and Rogerian theory is
All of the above
Which of the following is not a strength of Rogers’ theory? Provides for measures of key concepts
What percentage of our happiness set-point is determined by genetics?
50%
The major prediction of terror management theory is that if one manipulates the degree
to which one is thinking about…., there should be differences in degree that people need…
148.
149.
- I.
I. I. I. Death; their cultural worldviews
Rogers believes that the phenomenological approach
Can be supplemented by other approaches Which is not a defense mentioned by Rogers? Sublimation
Freud emphasized strict neutrality on the part of the therapist. Rogers would
Disagree with this
- The study demonstrating that people could be influenced by suggestions of an epidemic is evidence for
I. All of the above
- Which of the following statements is false?
I. Introverts tend to be more suggestible than extraverts
- For Allport, evidence for the existence of a trait was
I. Consistently in behavior
- Which of the following statements is not true of extroverts?
I. They do better that introverts in school
- According to Eysenck,
I. Genetic factors play a major role in personality
- Which of the following is not a characteristic of extroverts
I. Sensitivity to pain
- Traits are to superfactors as
I. Habits are to traits
- Allport believed that traits are based in the
I. Nervous system
- According to Cattell, which traits represent the building blocks of personality?
I. Source
- Eysenck predicted that individuals high on extraversion would experience lower cortical
arousal in response to environmental stimuli. What pattern of results did Kehoe et al. find when
looking at the fMRI activity of those high in extraversion?
I. Activity in the cerebellum was lower than those low in extraversion, whereas activity in the insula was higher than those low on extraversion
161.
162.
163.
164.
- I. I. I. I. I. Which form of data relates to behavior in everyday situations?
L-data
Which is a characteristic of trait theorists? Hierarchical organization of personality
People high on Eysenck’s psychoticism factor tend to be
Both a and b
Which is not a property of traits? Centrality
For Eysenck, the concept of superfactors
Refers to basic dimensions that allow all individuals to be located within a two
- dimensional model
In terms of school performance
167.
168.
169.
170.
- I.
I. I. I. I. I. Introverts do better than extroverts
In his view of the person Allport would be most similar to
Rogers
Which of the following would support the utility of idiographic research? Freud
Factors determining psychopathy
Lei inside Eysenck’s range of convenience
According to Eysenck, it is necessary to
All of the above
According to Eysenck, traits can be measured
Both (a) and (b)
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
- I. I. I. I. I. To Allport, the trait with the most persuasive influence is
Cardinal
According to Allport, a trait could be defined in terms of
All of the above
According to Allport, people generally describe others in terms of
Central traits
The hierarchy emphasized by trait theorists is
Responses, habits, traits, types
Relative to personality structure in adulthood, that in childhood is
Both (a) and (b)
The existence of universal terms for describing individual differences would be…an
evolutionary perspective
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
- I.
I. I. I. I. I. I. I. Consistent with
NEO-PI data on Jim suggested that he and his wife disagreed on the trait(s) of
N
Trait psychologists favor questionnaires because they
Permit to sampling over a range of situations
McRae and Costa suggest that
Progressions of personality development are fixed in order and time Disagreement concerning trait measures is greatest concerning Facets
Five-factor model is to NEO-PI as
Cattell is to 16 PF
At this point in time, evidence in support of trait stability
Is better for longitudinal stability than for cross- situational stability
Cattell’s factors seem most comparable to the NEO-PI’s
Facets
According to Ashton and colleagues’ analyses, what sixth factor did proponents of the
Big Five miss?
I. Honesty/Humility
- Differences between self-and observer-ratings of the Big Five have been observed for traits that are not highly:
- McRae and Costa’s view of the basis for lifespan changes in the Big Five is captured by the term
I. Intrinsic maturation
- The person responsible for the fundamental lexical hypothesis is
I. Goldberg
- The NEO-PI provides for
I. Both (a) and (b)
- According to McRae and Costa, life choices and the self-concept are formed out of
I. All of the above
- Trait data on Jim brought out his
I. Mood swings
- Which is not a strength of trait theory?
I. Development of static concepts
- The NEO-PI correlates well with scores from
I. All of these
- Which of the following is not one of the Big 5?
I. Honesty
- Research by Sugiyama, Tooby, and Cosmides finds that the result of research on cheating
detection can be replicated
I. In nonliterate cultures
- The finding that male-female trait differences are greater in developed, egalitarian cultures than in less developed, less egalitarian cultures would be supportive of a(n)
…..interpretation
I. Evolutionary
- Early work on longitudinal studies of temperament was conducted by
I. Kagan
- Kagan’s research suggests that
I. Parenting can make a difference in temperament
- Parenthood probability theory leads
I. Males to be more concerned about rivals than females
- The case of Phineas Gage illustrates the importance of the brain
I. For specific personality characteristics
- Kretchmer believed that psychotic disorder was related to
I. Body type
- The concept of heritability estimate refers to
I. The proportion of individual differences due to genes
- Behavior geneticists suggest that after heredity, the greatest influence on personality is
I. Nonshared environment
- Research by Schwartz et al that examined adults’ reactions to familiar and unfamiliar
faces had found that
I. Temperament qualities that are evident in early childhood persist to adulthood
- Neuroscientist Elizabeth Gould discovered that baby rats traumatized by separation from a care-giving adult for several hours a day formed fewer neurons in their brain later in life. Her research suggests
213.
214.
215.
216.
217.
- I. I. I. I. I. I. The part of the brain implicated in emotion and motivation is the
Amygdala
Genetic research on personality suggests that
All of the above
Research to date supports which of the following statements? All of the above
Thomas and Chess as well as Buss and Plomin used….in their research
Ratings
The basis for a link between trait theory and biology comes from
All of the above
In the Brain DVD, what do we learn from Clive Waring?
Personality and memory must reside in different structures in the brain because his
- personality stayed the same even though his memory was impaired
It can be suggested that
I. If two individuals are identical genetically, differences between them must be due to
- environment
The text suggests that
221.
222.
223.
224.
225.
- I.
I. I. I. I. I. A high heritability estimate suggests differences between the two populations studied
The forerunner of Sheldon’s work was
Kretschmer
One would expect the role of heredity in personality to decline in the following order
IQ, extraversion, political views
Biological sibling differences can be due to
All of the above
High scores on DvC tend
Be “night owls”
The person associated with phrenology is
Gail
According to learning theory, whatever consistency is found in behavior is most likely the
result of
227.
228.
229.
- I.
I. I. I. Similarity of environmental conditions evoking the behavior
The principle of self-control in behavioral technology is that The individual gains control over his own reinforcers Behavioral assessment is associated with theories that
None of the above
The learning theory account of psychopathology is that people
Do not respond appropriately to stimuli
In….a response is reinforced because it is associated with the termination of an aversive
stimulus
231.
232.
- I.
I. I. Punishment
Behavioral and self-report data
Do not always match one another
Longstanding disgust for certain foods may be based on
Classical conditioning
According to the text, the behavior therapist would most likely compare his role as a
therapist to that of
I. An engineer
- Stability to behavior over many situations might be due to
I. Generalization
- Skinnerians feel that behaviors can be intimidated without being directly reinforced, but
that this can only happen when
I. The act of imitation itself has taken on the qualities of a reinforcer
- Which of the following is not one of the two basic assumptions underlying the learning theory approach to psychology put forward in the text?
- Although Kelly did not use a conscious-unconscious construct, he did employ a constructs(s) which, in may ways, resembled (resemble) Freud’s notion of the unconscious. That
construct(s) is (are)
I. Both (b) and (c)
- Fixed-role therapy does not involve
I. All of the above are involved
- James Bieri has extended Kelly’s work on cognitive personality theory by working with
the concept of cognitive complexity-simplicity. Among other things, his research seems to
indicate that
I. Cognitively simple system people tend to stress differences among themselves and others
257.
- I. In relation to psychoanalysis, Kelly rejected
Insight and the discovery of truth
A person anticipating the entrance of a new construct into the construct system would
most likely to experience…, according to Kelly’s system
259.
260.
- I.
I. I. Fear
Which of the following is not a part of the rep test? Invitational mood
The value of constructs is that they
Help us to impose order and regularity on the world
Though Kelly’s theory does not enable one to make predictions about the biology
underlying construct systems, what might we he predict concerning the brain differences
between experts and novices?
I. Experts should have more complex brain systems
- Development of the construct system is facilitated by
I. Varied experiences
- Beilcok et al. (2008) analyzed the brain scans of hockey experts and novices as they
thought about hockey and found that:
I. Experts’ and novices’ brains looked very similar, except that the experts had an additional brain area become more active: the premotor cortex
- Which of the following constructions can be modified without serious modified without
serious modification of the construct system?
I. Peripheral constructs
- According to Kelly, a dimension is formed by
I. At least three constructs
- The following quote from the text is Kelly’s definition of…. It “is the recognition that the
events with which one is confronted lie outside the range of convenience of one’s construct
system.”
I. Anxiety
- According to Kelly, psychopathology is a
I. All of the above
- Kelly’s concept of a submerged construct is most similar to
I. Freud’s repression
- Fixed-role therapy encourages clients to
I. All of the above
- A critical problem for a construct system is
271.
- I. I.
I. Both (a) and (b)
Kelly suggested that a problem with psychologists is
All of the above
Research by Grice reveals that if you give individuals Kelly’s REP test, you learn
A lot of information about them that you would not learn if you simply gave them a five-
- factor trait theory test
Kelly’s view concerning psychopathology involves the concept of anxiety and, therefore,
it is similar to that of
274.
- I.
I. Both (a) and (b)
The Rep Test is useful device for getting at
All of the above
According to Kelly’s system whenever people feel that a major shake-up in the construct
is about to occur, they feel
I. Threat
- Social cognitive theory recognizes that people differ not only because of their different emotions and motives, but because of their different emotions and motives, but because of their different
I. Competencies
- ….refers to what people think will happen, whereas ….refers to what people think should happen
I. Expectancies; standards
- According to social cognitive theory, goals
I. Allow us to organize behavior over extended periods of time
- According to research by Osofsky and colleagues, how were prison personnel able to
execute prisoners when, in general, they knew killing was wrong?
I. By finding ways to selectively disengage morality
- Relay of gratification research is concerned with
I. The control of impulses
- According to Bandura, a person will try harder if
I. Perceived self-efficacy suggests a chance for success
- Experiments (outlined in the text) which show that a subject can develop a conditioned
response through the observation of another person (model) being conditioned are taken as
evidence of
I. Vicarious conditioning
- A major theme in Bandura’s work is that people
I. All of the above
- Social cognitive theorists are critical of earlier learning theories because of their
I. Neglect of cognitive variables
- Casey et al.’s (2011) research linking the ability to delay gratification in childhood to
brain activity during adulthood revealed that relative to those high in ability, those low in ability
had:
I. Lower activation in the frontal lobes and greater activation in the striatum
- A….is a criterion for judging the goodness of worth of a person or thing
I. Evaluative standard
- According to social cognitive theory, effortful performance is most enhanced when
I. Goals and feedback are present
- Like Kelly’s personal construct theory, social cognitive theorists believe that much human thought and action is
I. Future-oriented
- Research reveals that playing violent video games
I. Increase peoples aggression
- Which of the following statements best describe the social cognitive theory approach to
personality assessment, specifically, their approach to assessing perceived self-efficacy?
I. Self-efficacy perceptions should be assessed using self-report measures that describe specific situations individuals will confront
- The text notes that Bandura has criticized theories of learning that place complete
reliance on the concept of reinforcement for the following reason (s) I. All of the above are reasons
- Research by Bandura and Cervone indicates the goals and feedback affect behavior by
influencing
293.
294.
295.
296.
- I. I. I. I. I. B and c
Which of the following items could appear on a scale measuring moral disengagement? Both ‘a’ and ‘b’
Two of Mischel’s mentors were
Kelly and Rotter
The text notes that social cognitive theory is most similar to
C and d
The CAPS model was developed by
Mischel and Shoda
In research conducted by Bandura and Cervone, on factors that increase motivation,
results indicated that motivation is most strongly enhanced when people
- I.
I. None of the above
Social-cognitive theorists are critical of trait theory because they think that
Variability in action is important to understanding people’s personality, yet is relatively
- disregarded by trait theory
…..knowledge can be stated in words, whereas…..knowledge cannot
300.
301.
- I.
I. I. Declarative; procedural
….goals usually have a stronger influence on behavior than do….goals
Proximal; distal
A limitation of social cognitive theory is that is
Relatively neglects some important areas
Research by Bandura and his colleagues that investigated the effectiveness of various
therapy techniques for treating snake phobias found that the most powerful treatment for these
phobias is
I. Live modeling with participation (participant modeling)
- Bandura’s research on treatments for phobia reveals that the psychological mechanism mediating treatment effects is
- The contemporary ideas of schemas is found in the philosophical writings of the German philosopher
328.
329.
- I. I. I. Experimental
Research by Elder et al. on ill-temperedness stresses the importance of
Sociohistorical context
Compared in Western nations, in Asian cultures self-concept is
More interdependent
Asian students who moved to North America were found to gradually display higher
scores in
331.
332.
333.
334.
335.
- I.
I. I. I. I. I. Extraversion
The KAPA model of personality architecture is based on a distinction between
Knowledge and appraisal
The relationships of people high in rejection sensitivity are relatively more likely to
Break up
People in India have been found to be less likely to attribute causes of actions to
Personality characteristics
Research investigating native peoples of Bali indicates that in this nation
Personal names are not used as frequently as in Western nations Susan Anderson and colleagues explain transference in terms of Basic social-cognitive processes
Research by Ayduk et al. demonstrates that people can control their emotions regarding
interpersonal relationships by focusing on
337.
338.
339.
- I.
I. I. I. Cool aspects of the past experience
The tendency to display bouts of anger is called
Ill-temperedness
Rejection sensitivity involves primarily
Anxious expectations
Research by Ayduk et al. demonstrates the importance of
Attentional focus
Research based on the KAPA model of personality architecture reveals personality
consistency across
I. Idiosyncratic sets of situations
- Having feelings towards someone that are based on experiences from someone else in your past is called
- Socioeconomical selectivity theory suggests that awareness of….is important to development
- Which of the following would appear to be least compatible with one another?
I. Bandura-five-factor theory
- The psychoanalytic view of the importance of early experiences for personality
development can be contrasted with (i.e,is unlike)
I. Both (a) and (b)
- The psychoanalytic emphasis on stages of development can be contrated with (i.e., is unlike)
I. Both (a) and (b)
- Of the personality theorists reviewed…is considered to be the most explicit about stating
his view of the person
I. George Kelly
- Media modeling to reduce HIV/AIDS
I. Has been highly successful
- The text suggests that view about human nature
I. Influence areas studied most thoroughly
- A useful principal for bringing about social change is
I. Media modeling
- The text emphasizes that
I. Both (a) and (b)
1.
Which of the following has been a traditional reason for emphasis on the concept of self?
A) Self-awareness is an important phenomenological experience. B) How we feel about ourselves seems to influence our behavior.
C) The concept of self expresses the organized, integrated aspects of human personality.
D) All of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
2.
Intrapersonal processes includes
A) Communication between people. B) The emotions that we experience. C) Conflicts between family members. D) All of these.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
3.
The text suggests that
A) theory is irrelevant to the study of personality.
B) theory is fundamental to the study of personality. C) true discovery comes without theory.
D) there is agreement in the field concerning the role of theory in research.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
4.
A “system”
A) has many parts
B) has interconnections among its parts
C) displays behavior that reflects its overall organization
D) all of the above
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
5.
A unique feature of a course in personality psychology is that, unlike other courses, the focus is on
A) motivation.
B) nervous system functioning. C) the whole person.
D) social systems and culture.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
6.
The text emphasizes that a big difference between intuitive theories about people and scientific theories of personality is that the personality scientist must
A) engage in scientific observation.
B) interrelate concepts about people systematically. C) provide ideas that are testable.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
7.
Biologically-based personality tendencies evidence in early childhood are called
A) genetics.
B) temperament. C) structures.
D) processes.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
8.
The text emphasizes that the study of psychopathology is important to consider when studying personality because
A) many personality theorists also were therapists treating pathology.
B) the ability to foster clinical improvement is an important “bottom line” for evaluating a personality theory.
C) some sort of theory of personality often is required to solve practical problems. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
9.
Which of the following is emphasized as playing a major role in the development of personality?
A) genetic factors.
B) family environment. C) cultural factors.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
10.
According to the text, theories serve to
A) establish truth and separate it from fiction.
B) organize the known and suggest new relationships to be found) C) fit individuals into defined categories.
D) disprove other theories.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
11.
According to discussion in the textbook, the fact that there are theories of personality makes it likely that the researchers will face findings and theoretical arguments that challenge their favored view.
A) many; more
B) only a few; more
C) many; less
D) only a few; less
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
12.
The text defines personality mainly in terms of
A) consistent patterns of behavior. B) unconscious wishes.
C) traits.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
13.
The concepts of band-width and fidelity are analogous to characteristics of a
A) computer. B) radio.
C) bicycle.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
14.
Thoughts, feelings, and behavior make up the
A) Psychological Bermuda Triangle
B) Mental Health Triage C) Psychological Triad D) Big 5
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
15.
How many questions are on the final and how many points are they worth?
A) 100 questions worth 1 point each B) 50 questions worth 2 points each C) 100 questions worth 3 points each D) 50 questions worth 4 points each
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
16.
Those who emphasize the limits of family influence suggest that
A) society is most important. B) culture is most important.
C) genes affect the selection of environments.
D) families are only important during the early years.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
17.
Relative to one another in terms of level of organization and degree of abstraction, the following statement is true about the concepts of trait and type.
A) They are at the same level of organization and abstraction.
B) The concept of trait suggests more organization and more abstraction than the concept of type.
C) The concept of type suggests more organization and more abstraction than the concept of trait.
D) No general tendency can be found in relation to the two concepts.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
18.
How many of the weekly quizzes count toward the final grade?
A) 12/15
B) 10/15
C) 15/15
D) 13/15
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
19.
When entities are organized in such a manner that one entity is seen as an example of another, or as serving a purpose of the other, one calls this specific overall organization a
A) structure. B) hierarchy. C) process. D) system.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
20.
Internal states of tension that activate action are called
A) traits. B) goals. C) drives.
D) beliefs .
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
21.
The more stable aspects of the person’s functioning and the more fluid, changing aspects are covered by the concepts of
A) growth and development. B) process and motive.
C) motive and development.
D) structure and process.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
22.
The phrase “nature versus nurture” refers to the study of
A) genetic versus environmental influences. B) unconscious versus conscious influences.
C) family versus peer influences.
D) processes versus structures.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
23.
Genetic research suggests that in different “racial” and ethnic human groups
A) there is hardly any overlap at all between groups.
B) about half one group’s genetic makeup is similar to that of other groups. C) most of our genetic makeup is shared, i.e., is common to all groups.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
24.
Which of the following is not a criterion for the evaluation of a theory of personality?
A) creativity. B) simplicity.
C) research relevance.
D) comprehensiveness.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
25.
In general terms, the text suggests that the science of personality
A) is the study of how individuals differ in their perceptions and how these differences relate to their total functioning.
B) attempts to understand how people are alike while recognizing that individuals are different in some ways.
C) attempts to develop strategies for further research.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
1.
Id is to pleasure principle as ego is to
A) pain principle.
B) perfection principle. C) societal principle.
D) reality principle.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
2.
Psychoanalytic theory suggests that the unconscious
A) plays a major role in motivation. B) plays a minor role in motivation. C) plays no role in motivaton.
D) its role cannot be determined.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
3.
Rationalization involves
A) dismissing a thought from consciousness.
B) perception of an action but not the motive for it. C) denial of the emotion accompanying an act.
D) rationing the affect to fit the situation.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
4.
Research on repression suggests that
A) guilt decreases arousal.
B) physiological arousal may be blocked.
C) physiological arousal may not be perceived. D) arousal increases guilt.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
5.
According to the Oedipus Complex, every boy is fated to struggle with wishes to kill his
A) mother. B) father.
C) professor.
D) brother.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
6.
Research on Oedipal behaviors suggests that around age four children show
A) behavior consistent with psychoanalytic theory. B) behavior that contradicts psychoanalytic theory. C) only the behavior of boys fit the theory.
D) only the behavior of girls fit the theory.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
7.
The overprotective mother who cannot allow into consciousness any hostility toward her children is using the defense mechanism of
A) reaction formation. B) sublimation.
C) denial.
D) rationalization.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
8.
Research indicates that events of early childhood may leave an emotional memory that influences later functioning without the person having a conscious memory of the event. This is because a part of the brain, the amygdala, is involved at that point in time but prior to the development of more mature brain structures involved in memory, such as the hippocampus. This finding is
A) Consistent with both psychoanalytic theory and cognitive science
B) Consistent with only psychoanalytic theory
C) Consistent with only cognitive science
D) Inconsistent with both psychoanalytic theory and cognitive science
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
9.
Research on the later effects of early experiences shows evidence of
A) continuities and discontinuities.
B) early experience being fundamental. C) early experience being unimportant.
D) the effects of single, dramatic experiences.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
10.
John says that if he really puts his mind to it he could ace the course. This illustrates which mechanism of defense?
A) projection. B) isolation.
C) undoing.
D) rationalization.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
11.
The development of the idea of catharsis is the result of
A) correlational research
B) biological research
C) experimental research
D) a clinical case study
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
12.
The term “libido” is the name for the energy associated with Freud’s
A) sexual instincts. B) death instinct. C) life instinct.
D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
13.
The id
A) seeks perfection. B) seeks reality.
C) seeks pleasure.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
14.
Freud was not impressed with supportive findings from experimental psychology because
A) he was largely attacked by academic psychology.
B) he did not understand the value of laboratory research. C) the Vienna circle argued against their value.
D) he was sufficiently impressed with clinical observations.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
15.
According to Freud, aggression
A) is an instinctual part of life. B) resides in the ego.
C) resides in the superego.
D) is inevitably fused with sex.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
16.
The stage of development where excitation and tension comes to focus in the genitals is the
A) oral stage. B) anal stage.
C) phallic stage.
D) latency stage.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
17.
The most important and difficult to demonstrate aspect of the unconscious is
A) people’s behavior always is influenced by events of which they are unaware. B) people can recall things previously forgotten.
C) people keep memories and feelings out of awareness for motivated reasons.
D) none of the above
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
18.
The “major” or “primary” defense mechanism, according to psychoanalytic theory is
A) rationalization. B) projection.
C) repression.
D) denial.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
19.
Id is to ego
A) fantasy is to reality.
B) anxiety is to cathexis.
C) defense mechanisms are to satisfaction. D) “want” is to “ought”.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
Freud suggested that people function according to the
A) evolutionary principle. B) pleasure principle.
C) actualization principle.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
21.
The preconscious differs from the unconscious in that
A) the preconscious relates to phenomena we are able to be aware of if we attend to them. B) the preconscious relates to phenomena we cannot be aware of.
C) the preconscious relates to phenomena before they happen.
D) there is no difference.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
22.
Research on thought suppression suggests that
A) this may contribute to the development of phobias. B) this is good for one’s physical health.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
23.
The development of the superego is often associated with the end of which stage of psychosexual development?
A) genital. B) phallic.
C) oral.
D) anal.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
24.
Guilt and self-condemnation reflect the functioning of
A) the superego. B) the ego.
C) the id.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
25.
Very briefly, the goal of psychoanalysis could be stated to be
A) increased control over the instincts and drives which seek expression in antisocial behavior.
B) the ability to restrict the reduction of tension through the seeking of pleasure and heightened conformity to the demands of social life.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) a reduction in the extent to which instincts are frustrated.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
1.
According to Bowlby, the ABS A) has adaptive value.
B) is learned.
C) both a and b.
D) neither a nor b.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
2.
Which theorist placed a heavy emphasis on interpersonal forces in human development?
A) Erikson. B) Horney. C) Sullivan.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
3.
Which of the following is not found to be a characteristic of narcissistic individuals?
A) simple self concept.
B) aggrandizing self-attribution. C) self-enhancement bias.
D) all are characteristic.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
4.
According to the text, the improvement of patients in psychoanalytic treatment is
A) critical to our assessment of the theory.
B) unrelated to our assessment of the theory. C) greater than in other forms of therapy.
D) less than in other forms of treatment.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
5.
A person who deals with basic anxiety by being very dependent on others would be illustrative of
A) the moving toward neurotic trend) B) the anal character type.
C) compensatory strivings.
D) the as-if personality.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
6.
The theorist who emphasized neurotic trends was
A) Alfred Adler.
B) Harry Sullivan. C) Carl Jung.
D) Karen Horney.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
7.
Concerning the projective tests given to Jim, the text suggests that they
A) gave an accurate picture of him.
B) captured the world of the irrational. C) missed his underlying conflicts.
D) missed his problems with women.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
8.
Central to psychoanalytic treatment is
A) transference neurosis. B) catharsis.
C) hypnosis.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
9.
The “will to power” refers to
A) the neurotic drive to “move against.” B) striving for superiority.
C) Oedipal competition with the father.
D) preoccupation with controlling defecation.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
10.
Which of the following is not a contrast emphasized by Jung?
A) persona-private self. B) anima-animus.
C) introversion-extroversion.
D) complex-simple.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
11.
At this point the evidence suggests that
A) attachment style is fixed early in life.
B) attachment style is not stable over time.
C) there is evidence for both continuity and change. D) the concept is meaningless.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
12.
The central difference between traditional psychoanalysts and object relations theorists focuses on the importance of
A) the ego.
B) the sexual instincts. C) the superego.
D) the death instinct.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
13.
In the case of Little Hans, the phobia expressed
A) the conflict between wish and fear. B) the identification with the father.
C) sibling rivalry.
D) compensating strivings.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
14.
The theorist who emphasized the concept of a collective unconscious was
A) Adler. B) Jung.
C) Horney.
D) Sullivan.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
15.
The attachment behavioral system relates to the development of a
A) secure base for separation. B) secure base for exploration. C) both a and b.
D) neither a nor b.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
16.
Universal images or symbols are known as
A) archetypes. B) instincts.
C) neurotic trends.
D) basic drives.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
17.
Research suggests that compared to nonnarcissistic individuals, narcissists prefer
A) admiring partners. B) caring partners.
C) competitive partners.
D) submissive partners.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
18.
In psychoanalysis, which of the following involves the reenactment of old conflicts?
A) transference neurosis. B) fixation.
C) repression.
D) catharsis.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
19.
In interpreting the Rorschach test, one is interested in
A) the way in which the responses are formed) B) the reason for the response.
C) its content.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
20.
Seeking gratification appropriate to an earlier stage of development is a sign of
A) aim-inhibited instinct.
B) a mechanism of defense. C) denial.
D) fixation.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
21.
The stage in which the child identifies with the parent of the same sex
A) oral. B) anal. C) phallic
D) genital.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
22.
The narcissistic personality type is associated with which stage of development?
A) oral. B) anal.
C) phallic.
D) latency.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
23.
Change occurs in psychoanalysis because
A) the conflict is now less intense than originally. B) the analyst assumes a supportive attitude.
C) the ego of the patient has developed)
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
24.
According to research by Buchheim and colleagues (2009), if an individual with an insecure attachment style was given oxytocin, how would they likely respond?
A) They wouldn’t behave any differently.
B) They would probably experience attachment-related emotions. C) They would become even more insecurely attached.
D) It would depend on the sex of the experimenter.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
25.
According to Horney, women are
A) biologically disposed toward masochistic attitudes. B) culturally disposed toward masochistic attitudes.
C) biologically disposed toward creative pursuits.
D) culturally disposed toward creative pursuits.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
1.
According to Rogers, the response to incongruence is
A) growth. B) defense.
C) self-actualization.
D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
2.
Research by D’Argembeau et al. (2010) confirmed the Rogerian prediction that the actual self and
self are distinct structures of personality
A) aggrandized
B) unwanted
C) feared
D) ideal
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
3.
Which of the following is not part of the phenomenal field?
A) conscious perceptions.
B) unconscious perceptions.
C) feelings.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
4.
According to Rogers, the imposition of conditions of worth on children causes
A) a lack of self-efficacy. B) demands on the ego.
C) a rift between organism and self.
D) a rift between self and negative self.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
5.
Research by Lieberman, Jarcho, and Sapute (2004) confirms the Rogerian idea that people have a core sense of self.
A) counterintuitive
B) intuitive
C) counternormative
D) nonintuitive
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
6.
Rogers’ concept for the experiencing of a stimulus without bringing it into awareness is
A) incongruence. B) subception.
C) self-actualization.
D) defensiveness.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
7.
In the Q-sort, the subject
A) sorts statements into categories following a normal distribution. B) sorts statements into categories following a binomial distribution. C) sorts statements into self and ideal self categories.
D) sorts statements into desired self and undesired self categories.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
8.
Rogers’ theory is primarily a theory of
A) the structure of personality.
B) the nature of psychology as a science. C) the process of change.
D) psychopathology.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
9.
Which of the following is not typically a measure of the self-concept?
A) Q-sort.
B) adjective checklist. C) Rorschach.
D) semantic differential.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
10.
Parents who communicate negative appraisals may be suspected of
A) having low self-regard. B) being hostile.
C) enforcing strict standards.
D) being zealous in the enforcement of rules.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
11.
Which of the following was not employed by phenomenologists?
A) Q-sort.
B) semantic differential. C) adjective checklist.
D) MMPI.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
12.
The evaluation an individual makes and maintains with regard to the self is
A) self-efficacy.
B) reflected appraisal. C) positive regard.
D) self-esteem.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
13.
The Q-sort can be used as a quantitative measure of
A) the difference in meaning between two concepts. B) the independence of various motives.
C) anxiety associated with incongruence.
D) depression associated with incongruence.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
14.
Parents with high self-esteem were found to
A) give little guidance. B) set ambiguous limits. C) make clear demands. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
15.
Within the Rogerian framework of personality, anxiety is the result of
A) subception. B) denial.
C) incongruence.
D) the need for positive regard from others.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
16.
Compared to people with high self-esteem, research shows that people with low self-esteem
A) are more motivated to improve their negative moods
B) are less motivated to improve their negative moods
C) are equally motivated to improve their negative moods
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
17.
Which of the following does not have a significant effect on the development of self-esteem in children?
A) degree of acceptance. B) amount of education.
C) permissiveness and punishments.
D) democratic practices.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
18.
Which of the following is not suggested as an important aspect of parent-child interaction?
A) degree of acceptance. B) degree of narcissism. C) permissiveness.
D) democratic processes.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
19.
Rogers’ view of self-actualization includes
A) a concept similar to competence motivation. B) a concept like tension-reduction.
C) one of three motives relevant to process.
D) both (a) and (b).
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
20.
According to Rogers, vulnerability to anxiety is due to
A) incongruence. B) inconsistency.
C) aggressive thoughts.
D) unconscious wishes.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
21.
According to Rogers, the basic tendency for humans is to strive for
A) satisfaction of biological needs. B) meeting security needs.
C) self-actualization.
D) psychosocial maturation.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
22.
A criticism of Rogers’s concept of self-esteem is that it is
A) too global. B) too specific. C) too vague.
D) too concrete.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
23.
Congruence is a synonym for
A) equifinality.
B) genuineness. C) equality.
D) moral integrity.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
24.
As Rogers conceptualizes it, a number of meaningful statements can be made about the “self.” Which of the following statements would Rogers agree with?
A) In general, the complex of meanings and perceptions which make up the “self” are unsymbolized by the individual.
B) The “self” is not structural in nature–being instead, an amorphous unit. C) The “self” represents an organized set of perceptions.
D) The concept of the “self” as conceptualized by Rogers does not fit into what traditionally has been a topic of study in psychology.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
25.
Freud’s concept of the superego might be related to Rogers’ concept of
A) self-actualization. B) subception.
C) need for positive regard.
D) defense.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
1.
During therapy Mrs. Oak moved toward
A) greater self acceptance. B) greater self awareness.
C) greater independence.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
2.
The ability of the therapist to comprehend the phenomenal field of the patient is associated with the concept of
A) congruence.
B) unconditional positive regard. C) empathic understanding.
D) reflected appraisal.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
3.
Which of the following is a strength of Rogers’ theory?
A) recognizes integrated aspects of personality. B) integrates humanism with science.
C) focuses on important areas of personality.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
4.
The ultimate goal for Rogers was a
A) state of organism-self congruence. B) life free of anxiety.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
5.
People who experience Flow on a regular basis
A) are happier than other people.
B) make more money than other people. C) are more likely to be promoted.
D) experience a level of creativity that can’t be achieved in other ways.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
6.
In the “Happy” documentary, the rickshaw driver who lived in the slum in India, A) Was so unhappy his level of happiness couldn’t even be measured.
B) raised his level of happiness by making significantly more money. C) had the same level of happiness as the average American.
D) was actually happier than the average American.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
7.
According to self-determination theory
A) people are innately rebellious.
B) people function at their best performing out of anxiety. C) people prefer freely chosen to compelled activities.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
8.
Which of the following statements is not a characteristic of self actualizing people?
A) They are accepting of self and others. B) They conform readily.
C) They are capable of independence.
D) They are capable of intimacy.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
9.
Freud emphasized strict neutrality on the part of the therapist. Rogers would
A) agree with this.
B) disagree with this.
C) say it depends on the patient. D) one cannot say.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
10.
Which of the following is not a strength of Rogers’ theory?
A) provides for measures of key concepts.
B) recognizes integrated aspects of personality. C) integrates humanism with science.
D) focuses on important areas of personality.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
11.
The approach known as existentialism
A) is new to psychology.
B) has an established place in psychology.
C) influenced the thinking of Rogers and Freud.
D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
12.
An important finding from Rogers’ work is that
A) therapy may actually worsen the condition of some patients. B) the therapeutic climate depends on the patient.
C) the therapeutic climate is only somewhat important.
D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
13.
In the last 50 years in the United States
A) Income and happiness have both doubled.
B) The average level of income has doubled, but happiness has not changed. C) Both income and happiness have decreased.
D) The people who have increased their happiness the most also have increased their income the most.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
14.
Cross-cultural research on the self
A) fully supports Rogers’ views about self-concept.
B) fully supports Rogers’ views about the need for positive regard.
C) calls into questions some of Rogers’ ideas about the self.
D) completely disproves Rogers’ ideas about the self.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
15.
Which of the following is not a condition emphasized by Rogers as crucial to therapeutic movement?
A) congruence.
B) unconditional positive regard. C) empathic understanding.
D) elimination of defense mechanism.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
16.
Which of the following is not a Rogerian conceptualization?
A) movement toward self-actualization. B) utility of clinical observations.
C) focus on the whole person.
D) use of disguised tests.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
17.
A concept shared by Freudian and Rogerian theory is
A) conflict. B) anxiety. C) defense.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
18.
How might behaviorists respond to Sartre’s claim that we have unique mental capacities that give us free will?
A) They might agree, on the basis of the belief that behavior is largely determined by controllable conscious processes.
B) They might disagree, on the basis of the belief that behavior is largely determined by uncontrollable unconscious forces.
C) They might disagree, on the basis that the environment is largely responsible for all behavior.
D) They might agree, citing the universality of certain symbols or “archetypes.”
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
19.
How might Freud have responded to Sartre’s claim that people have unique mental capacities that give us free will?
A) He would have agreed, on the basis of his belief that behavior is largely determined by controllable conscious processes.
B) He would have disagreed, on the basis of his belief that behavior is largely determined by uncontrollable unconscious forces.
C) He would have disagreed, on the basis that the environment is largely responsible for all behavior.
D) He would have agreed, citing the universality of certain symbols or “archetypes.”
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
20.
Which of the following concepts is illustrated by the quote, “I became completely ‘lost’ in what I
was doing, unaware of time, other obligations, or other people”?
A) Existentialism. B) Broadening.
C) Resilience.
D) Flow.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
21.
According to the existential view, certain problems
A) are inherent in the nature of existence.
B) are existential in being derived from neurotic conflict. C) are due to the nature of the instinct.
D) are due to unconscious forces.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
22.
What percentage of our happiness is determined by our life circumstances?
A) 10% B) 25% C) 40% D) 50%
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
23.
Terror management’s predictions rest on what major assumption?
A) People have a desire to live virtuous lives.
B) People are primarily unconsciously aware of the inevitability of death.
C) Humans are unique because they have both a desire to live and an awareness of the inevitability of death
D) Animals and humans experience death awareness in the same way.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
24.
What goal(s) underlie Seligman and colleagues’ development of a classification of human strengths?
A) To bring the positive side of human nature to the attention of psychological scientists. B) To foster systematic research on the positive side of human nature.
C) Both a and b are correct.
D) Neither a nor b are correct.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
25.
Improvement in client-centered therapy has been found to be associated with
A) stronger defenses.
B) healthier reflected appraisals. C) lower self-ideal discrepancies. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
1.
Introverts are
A) restrained.
B) easily aroused by events. C) inhibited.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
Which of the following statements is not true of extraverts?
A) They do better than introverts in school. B) They prefer to interact with others.
C) They are more suggestible than introverts.
D) They are more sexually active than introverts.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
3.
According to factor analysis
A) traits and types exist.
B) single item responses form the best level of analysis. C) things that vary together are related.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
4.
Which is a characteristic of trait theorists?
A) hierarchical organization of personality. B) use of bivariate research.
C) emphasis on cross-situational variability.
D) emphasis on longitudinal variability.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
5.
According to Allport, traits are defined by
A) frequency, intensity, and distinctiveness.
B) frequency, intensity, and range of situations.
C) distinctiveness, frequency, and range of situations.
D) intensity, frequency, and variability.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
6.
The 16 PF is an example of
A) L-data. B) OT-data. C) Q-data.
D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
7.
The study demonstrating that people could be influenced by suggestions of an epidemic is evidence for
A) the existence of individual differences.
B) the importance of introversion-extroversion. C) the role of personality in health.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
8.
Traits are similar to
A) states.
B) activities.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
9.
Eysenck was concerned with definitions of traits that were
A) redundant. B) circular.
C) empirical.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
10.
In one way or another, Eysenck’s views conflict with those of
A) Freud. B) Allport. C) Cattell.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
11.
According to Eysenck, traits can be measured
A) by questionnaires.
B) by objective methods. C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
12.
The basic assumption of the trait point of view is that
A) people are similar in some ways.
B) people possess broad predispositions to respond. C) people are unique in some ways.
D) people possess energies that can be directed in multiple directions.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
13.
Behaviors that appear to be similar but do not actually vary together are known as
A) surface traits. B) source traits.
C) temperament traits.
D) factors.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
14.
Which of the following statements is true?
A) Extraverts are less suggestible than introverts.
B) Introverts are less sensitive to pain than extraverts.
C) Criminals are high on extraversion but low on neuroticism and psychotocism. D) Introverts are more influenced by punishments, extraverts by rewards.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
15.
Which form of data relates to behavior in everyday situations?
A) OT-data. B) S-data.
C) Q-data.
D) L-data.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
16.
Factors determining psychopathology
A) lie outside Eysenck’s range of convenience. B) lie inside Eysenck’s range of convenience. C) are largely environmental in origin.
D) have yet to be determined.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
17.
Cattell’s theory asserts that traits are the building blocks of personality.
A) surface B) ability C) source
D) dynamic
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
18.
People high on Eysenck’s psychoticism factor tend to be
A) cold.
B) antisocial.
C) both a and b.
D) neither a nor b.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
19.
Returning to Cronbach’s discussion of the two disciplines in psychology, Eysenck
A) supports correlation research.
B) supports experimental research. C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
20.
Allport’s concept of functional autonomy suggests that
A) people are capable of functioning autonomously.
B) from birth there is a motive to function autonomously.
C) pleasure motives can function independently (autonomously) from other motives. D) motives originally based on tension-reduction can become independent sources of
pleasure.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
21.
In terms of school performance
A) introverts do better than extraverts. B) extraverts do better than introverts. C) they both do the same.
D) it all depends on the subject.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
22.
According to Eysenck, the basis for individual differences in introversion-extraversion is differences in
A) physiological functioning. B) intelligence.
C) neither (a) nor (b).
D) both (a) and (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
23.
Though Eysenck had predicted that people high in neuroticism would show increased brain activity in the limbic system, Kehoe et al’s fMRI data indicated that the increased brain activity was actually in the:
A) cerebellum
B) insula
C) prefrontal cortex
D) hippocampus
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
24.
According to Allport, situation characteristics
A) are unimportant in influencing behavior. B) help to explain variability in behavior.
C) can be measured objectively.
D) can completely determine behavior.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
25.
According to Cattell, which traits represent the building blocks of personality?
A) surface. B) ability.
C) dynamic.
D) source.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
1.
A problem with the trait concept is that
A) there is little evidence of constitutional differences in people. B) it presents too static a picture.
C) it cannot be applied to individuals.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
2.
Critics of trait theory mostly focus on the problem of
A) cross-situational consistency. B) longitudinal consistency.
C) multivariate research.
D) hierarchical organization.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
3.
According to the concept of intrinsic maturation, personality traits are
A) largely uninfluenced by the environment. B) largely influenced by the environment.
C) unpredictable in their development.
D) developed out of characteristic adaptations.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
4.
Trait data on Jim brought out his
A) mood swings.
B) strong appetite. C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
5.
The existence of universal terms for describing individual differences would be an evolutionary perspective.
A) consistent with
B) inconsistent with
C) simultaneously consistent AND inconsistent with
D) irrelevant to
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
6.
The NEO-PI correlates well with scores from
A) Eysenck’s inventories
B) the 16PF.
C) the Q-sort.
D) all of these.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
7.
Cattell’s factors seem most comparable to the NEO-PI’s
A) factors. B) facets. C) items.
D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
8.
Research on age differences during adulthood are faced with the problem of
A) age effects.
B) cohort effects.
C) cultural differences. D) gender differences.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
9.
Which of the following is not a pair?
A) Eysenck – EPI, EPQ. B) Cattell – 16PF.
C) Five-factor model – NEO-PI.
D) all of the above are pairs.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
10.
Results from the NEO-PI would be expected to be most similar to those from the
A) Rorschach. B) TAT.
C) clinical interview.
D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
11.
At this point in time, evidence in support of trait stability
A) is better for longitudinal stability than for cross-situational stability. B) is better for cross-situational stability than for longitudinal stability. C) is very good for both kinds of stability.
D) is very good for neither kind of stability.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
12.
The text suggests that the data support the view that
A) personality is more stable over short than long periods of time. B) personality is more stable in adulthood than childhood.
C) there are individual differences in trait stability.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
Relative to older adults, adolescents and young adults score
A) higher on neuroticism. B) higher on extraversion. C) lower on agreeableness. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
14.
Studies on animal personality suggest
A) fundamental differences between human and chimp personality structures. B) personality descriptions of other species express anthropomorphizing.
C) non-primates have the same personality structure as humans.
D) there is evidence for continuity of personality structure among the species.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
15.
The text suggests that cross-cultural trait comparisons may depend on whether
A) subjects are of comparable age.
B) subjects are of comparable intelligence. C) indigenous terms are used.
D) researchers are from the US.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
16.
Five-factor model is to NEO-PI as
A) Freud is to id.
B) Rogers is to self.
C) Cattell is to 16 PF.
D) Allport is to factor analysis.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
17.
Concerning the number of basic trait factors, A) five is just about right.
B) some suggest more and some suggest fewer.
C) ultimately factor analysis will tell us exactly how many is best. D) it all depends on the subject being studied.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
18.
People may be stable in their behavior because
A) they select as well as respond to situations. B) stereotypes are formed of people.
C) constitutional factors predispose toward some trait stability.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
19.
Research by Twenge indicates that, in the past few decades, scores on the personality trait of anxiety have in the population at large.
A) increased
B) decreased
C) remain unchanged
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
20.
McCrae and Costa suggest that
A) progressions of personality development depend on culture.
B) progressions of personality development depend on historical context. C) progressions of personality development are fixed in order and time. D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
21.
Which of the following is not a likely contribution to trait stability?
A) genes.
B) people select their environments. C) others respond in stable ways.
D) all of these contribute to stability.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
22.
Relative to personality structure in adulthood, that in childhood is
A) more complex. B) less integrated. C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
DeYoung and colleagues (2010) were able to identify brain regions correlated with variations in Big Five traits. Your textbook authors note that one reason one must exercise caution when interpreting these results is that “the brains’ various regions are enormously interconnected.” What did they mean by this?
A) The connectivity makes it difficult to figure out whether variations in brain volume caused variations in traits or vice-versa.
B) The connectivity suggests that studying the brain, even with an MRI, will always lead one to draw false conclusions about traits.
C) The connectivity makes focusing on more than one brain area problematic because only one brain area is ever active during a given complex task.
D) The connectivity makes focusing on one brain area problematic because several brain areas are active during a given complex task.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
24.
The best measure of OCEAN is
A) EPI. B) 16PF.
C) NEO-PI.
D) water jug test.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
25.
According to the Five-Factor Model, personality disorders are best understood as
A) stereotypes.
B) distinct categories. C) extremes of traits. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
1.
Two traits show similar heritability estimates, therefore
A) their phenotypes are to the same extent genetically determined.
B) subgroups within each population will show the same average scores on the trait. C) two individuals randomly selected from the two groups will be alike on the trait.
D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
2.
Adoption studies offer the opportunity to gain greater insight into
A) genetic influences.
B) environmental influences. C) both a and b.
D) neither a nor b.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
3.
According to Clark and Watson, affect regulation is most associated with
A) PE. B) NE. C) C.
D) DvC.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
4.
Sheldon’s work on the relation of body type to temperament A) is the basis of all contemporary research on the topic. B) yielded strong, convincing results.
C) a and b.
D) yielded results that are now recognized as weak, and are not important to the contemporary field.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
5.
Which of the following is not a figure in the history of temperament theory?
A) Galen. B) Gall.
C) Kretschmer.
D) All of the above
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
6.
Greater right hemispheric activity is associated with
A) greater negative affect.
B) greater separation distress in children. C) both a and b.
D) neither a nor b.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
7.
In a simplified form, research on twins suggest that
A) differences between MZ twins are due to the environment. B) differences between DZ twins are genetic differences.
C) both a and b.
D) neither a nor b.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
8.
The fact that changes in social hierarchy result in changes in neurotransmitter levels illustrates
A) phrenology. B) plasticity.
C) regression.
D) differentiation.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
9.
According to Buss’s hypotheses,
A) males should prefer young, attractive women. B) females should prefer strong, ambitious men.
C) males should be more concerned than females about sexual infidelity.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
10.
The part of the brain implicated in emotion and motivation is the
A) amygdala.
B) hippocampus.
C) prefrontal cortex. D) Broca’s area.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
11.
High scorers on DvC tend
A) be “night owls.” B) morning larks.
C) sleep a lot.
D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
12.
Biological sibling differences can be due to
A) genes.
B) family environment differences.
C) nonshared environmental influences. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
13.
The basis for a link between trait theory and biology comes from
A) physiological studies. B) genetic research.
C) evolutionary theory.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
14.
Criticism of evolutionary psychology include
A) they underestimate the role of social influences.
B) they are inconsistent with basic research in neuroscience.
C) evolutionary psychology fails to explain individual differences in the interpretation of
ambiguous social situations.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
15.
The concept of heritability estimate refers to
A) the proportion of individual differences due to genes.
B) the proportion of a characteristic in an individual due to genes. C) the proportion of group differences due to genes.
D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
16.
Kagan found that inhibited children had
A) left hemispheric dominance. B) high cortisol responses.
C) high serotonin levels.
D) high dopamine levels.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
17.
Behavior geneticists suggest that after heredity, the greatest influence on personality is
A) shared environment. B) parents.
C) early experience.
D) nonshared environment.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
18.
The best interpretation of Kagan’s data is that
A) temperament sets constraints on personality development.
B) temperament can be completely altered by the environment. C) temperament is fixed in childhood.
D) environment sets constraints on temperament development.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
19.
Which of the following tends to change in relation to winning and losing in sports?
A) testosterone levels. B) cortisol levels.
C) dopamine levels.
D) serotonin levels.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
20.
Kagan suggested that inhibited infants:
A) become inhibited children; temperament is relatively stable
B) are more reactive to novel stimuli than uninhibited infants
C) become uninhibited children; temperament is not at all stable
D) both a and b
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
21.
Nonshared environments include
A) parts of sibling family environments.
B) aspects of sibling non-familial environments. C) both a and b.
D) neither a nor b.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
22.
If you unfolded a human brain, it would be the size of
A) a sheet of paper.
B) two sheets of paper. C) four sheets of paper. D) a tennis court.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
23.
Kagan found evidence of
A) longitudinal consistency of temperament.
B) biological bases for differences in temperament. C) both a and b.
D) neither a nor b.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
24.
Evidence to date suggests that
A) criminals are made, not born. B) criminals are born, not made.
C) introversion is strongly associated with criminality.
D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
25.
Kagan improved on early temperament research in his use of
A) factor analysis.
B) objective measures. C) parental ratings.
D) longitudinal research.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
1.
Jones’s (1924) unconditioning of Peter’s fear of the rabbit is most similar to which classical conditioning technique?
A) Token economy
B) Positive reinforcement
C) Aversive conditioning
D) Systematic desensitization
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
2.
A critical difference between psychoanalytic and behavioral interpretations of psychopathology is
A) one emphasizes learning, the other does not.
B) one emphasizes the organization of responses, the other does not. C) one emphasizes anxiety, the other does not.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
3.
Behavioral approaches to psychopathology emphasize the importance of
A) behavioral deficits.
B) maladaptive responses. C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
4.
Watson and Rayner suggested that
A) many fears are conditioned emotional reactions. B) fears can be extinguished through insight.
C) anxiety responses in Albert could be secondary drives.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
5.
Based on the relative permanency of effect and utility in modifying behavior, Skinner emphasized the use of reinforcement in the shaping of behavior.
A) positive
B) partial
C) negative
D) conditional
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
Behaviorists generally believe that
A) it is possible to generalize from the laboratory to real life. B) one cannot generalize from rats to humans.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
7.
According to the text, the behavior therapist would be most likely to compare his role as a therapist to that of
A) an engineer. B) an advisor.
C) a substitute parent.
D) an administrator.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
8.
Which of the following is not an emphasis of behavior therapy?
A) Experimental manipulations of variables.
B) Focus on change in core aspects of psychological functioning. C) Environmental stimuli that cause and maintain behavior.
D) Alteration of responses by direct means.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
9.
Behavioral assessment
A) generally is tied to treatment objectives.
B) generally assumes the existence of some person variables.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
10.
According to learning theory, whatever consistency is found in behavior is most likely the result of
A) similarity of neural pathways handling the different impulses. B) a limited or constricted response repertoire.
C) similarity of environmental conditions evoking the behavior.
D) the various behaviors being under the control of the same or similar ergs.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
11.
For Skinner, depression may be viewed as a result of
A) punishment.
B) withdrawal of positive reinforcers. C) intermittent reinforcement.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
12.
The repeated presentation of a bell with electric shock will lead to the bell becoming
A) a CS. B) an US. C) a CR. D) an UR.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
13.
In systematic desensitization
A) the value of each component is known. B) the value of each component is unclear.
C) it is clear that mainly suggestion is involved.
D) it is clear that operant conditioning is going on.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
14.
John goes to the doctor for allergy shots in his arm every spring. He has done this for so long that now just seeing the doctor makes his arm hurt. This is an example of
A) instrumental conditioning. B) operant conditioning.
C) punishment conditioning.
D) classical conditioning.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
15.
Which of the following is not one of the two basic assumptions underlying the learning theory approach to psychology put forward in the text?
A) Research methodology is important. B) Nearly all behavior is learned.
C) People are basically active rather than reactive.
D) Both (a) and (c).
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
16.
Skinnerians feel that behaviors can be imitated without being directly reinforced, but that this can only happen when
A) the behavioral response is already within the child’s repertory of behaviors. B) the model receives reinforcement for the behavior to be imitated.
C) the child has had no previous experience with unreinforced imitations.
D) the act of imitation itself has taken on the qualities of a reinforcer.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
17.
Which of the following is not an emphasis of the behaviorist approach?
A) objectivity
B) introspection C) experiments D) assessment
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
18.
Skinner called emitted responses
A) habits.
B) S-R bonds. C) drives.
D) operants.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
19.
The functional analysis of behavior leads to
A) an analysis of global personality characteristics.
B) an analysis of the functions-adaptive aspects of behavior. C) the ABC assessment method.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
20.
Behavioral and self-report data A) show good agreement. B) are interchangeable.
C) do not always match one another.
D) both require the use of factor analysis.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
21.
Behavioral and trait approaches share an emphasis on
A) idiographic research.
B) empirical investigation. C) laboratory-based data. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
22.
According to the text, many psychologists with a behavioral orientation are turning to an emphasis on in behavior and on minimizing the importance of individual differences in personality.
A) internal events, inside the organism
B) situational specificity
C) computer analogies
D) unconscious forces
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
23.
The following is a definition of conditioning: A previously neutral stimulus becomes capable of eliciting a response because of its association with a stimulus that automatically produces the same or a similar response.
A) instrumental
B) reward C) operant D) classical
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
24.
Longstanding disgust for certain foods may be based on
A) unconscious wishes.
B) approach-avoidance conflicts. C) classical conditioning.
D) systematic desensitization.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
25.
Early reports of the continued improvement of patients treated with systematic desensitization challenged the psychoanalytic concept of
A) penis envy.
B) id, ego, superego.
C) symptom substitution.
D) the importance of transference.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
1.
Fixed-role therapy does not involve
A) representing yourself in a new way.
B) believing yourself to be a new person. C) construing things in new ways.
D) All of the above are involved.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
2.
According to Kelly, a theory has
A) reliability and validity.
B) loose and tight constructs.
C) a range of convenience and a focus of convenience. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
3.
The Rep Test is a useful device for getting at
A) personal meanings.
B) unconscious meanings. C) personality traits.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
4.
The concepts of range of convenience and focus of convenience suggest that
A) it is more convenient to use some theories for some things and other theories for other things.
B) theories cover a range of phenomena and work best at points within this range. C) different theories work well with many research methods and best with some.
D) different theories work well with many assessment techniques and best with some.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
5.
Kelly’s view concerning psychopathology involves the concept of anxiety and, therefore, it is similar to that of
A) Freud. B) Rogers.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
6.
Kelly’s concept of a submerged construct is most similar to
A) Freud’s repression. B) Freud’s instinct.
C) Rogers’ unconditional positive regard.
D) Skinner’s operant.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
7.
Studies of cognitive style and leadership suggest that
A) cognitive complexity is best. B) cognitive simplicity is best.
C) different styles are necessary at different times.
D) no conclusions can be drawn because of the complexity of international events.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
8.
James Bieri has extended Kelly’s work on cognitive personality theory by working with the concept of cognitive complexity-simplicity. Among other things, his research seems to indicate that
A) cognitively simple people seem to be more accurate in their predictions of the behavior of others than cognitively complex people.
B) cognitively simple system people tend to stress differences among themselves and others.
C) a cognitively simple system differentiates highly among persons.
D) there seems to be an inverse relationship between cognitive complexity and pathology.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
9.
Beilock et al. (2008) analyzed the brain scans of hockey experts and novices as they thought about hockey and found that:
A) Experts’ and novices’ brains looked very similar, except that the experts had an additional brain area become more active: the premotor cortex
B) Experts’ and novices’ brains looked very similar, except that the novices had an additional brain area become more active: the premotor cortex
C) Experts’ and novices’ brains looked very similar, except that the experts had an additional brain area become more active: the prefrontal cortex
D) Experts’ and novices’ brains looked very similar, except that the novices had an additional brain area become more active: the prefrontal cortex
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
10.
According to Kelly, a dimension is formed by
A) one construct.
B) more than one construct. C) at least three constructs.
D) dimensions are not possible.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
11.
According to Kelly, to understand a construct we must know its
A) similarity pole. B) contrast pole.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
12.
For Kelly, anxiety is
A) the result of internal threat.
B) the result of invalidated constructs.
C) the result of not having constructs for a situation. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
13.
Kelly’s theory wasn’t equipped to make predictions about the brain systems that underlie construct systems. What would he make of this failing?
A) He would definitely get defensive and suggest that his theory is still right, because it wasn’t meant to be a biological theory.
B) He would admit that the biological findings are outside of his range of convenience and that the theory itself should either be improved or abandoned.
C) He would admit that his theory is absolutely wrong in its predictions and that it should be abandoned immediately.
D) He would say that his theory is still absolutely right because some of its predictions are true.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
14.
The suggestion may be made that constructs most likely
A) facilitate experience and recall. B) determine experience and recall.
C) are unrelated to experience and recall.
D) interfere with experience and recall.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
15.
Within Kelly’s cognitive theory of personality, the term “constructive alternativism” means
A) we have the ability to seek objective reality in many alternative ways.
B) when we are limited by objective reality we have the ability to express ourselves in alternative ways.
C) there is no objective reality – only alternative ways of constructing events. D) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
16.
According to Kelly, psychopathology is a
A) disordered response to anxiety.
B) disordered functioning of the construct system. C) faulty effort to reestablish prediction.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
17.
Kelly felt that people function the way they do in order to
A) expand and validate the construct system. B) avoid pain.
C) obtain reinforcement.
D) both (a) and (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
18.
As children develop, their construct system A) increases in hierarchical organization. B) increases in permeability.
C) increases in dilation.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
19.
Kelly’s view of the person as a scientist implies that the person as an organism is essentially
A) always trying to understand the present through an evaluation of the past.
B) always trying to understand the present through an evaluation of the present.
C) always trying to understand the past through an evaluation of the future.
D) always trying to understand the future through an evaluation of the present.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
20.
For Kelly, the response to threat may be
A) regression. B) confusion.
C) growth-development.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
21.
According to Kelly, individuals seek
A) consistency. B) certainty.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
22.
A critical problem for a construct system is
A) incorrect predictions.
B) inconsistent predictions. C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
23.
For Kelly, life-long values are likely to be
A) core constructs.
B) peripheral constructs. C) motives.
D) defenses.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
24.
For Kelly, the idea that people think in terms of constructs is
A) a core construct.
B) a peripheral construct. C) a submerged construct. D) a loose construct.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
25.
Prior to international crises, communications between nations in conflict tend to be
A) concrete. B) complex. C) preverbal.
D) submerged.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
1.
A key feature of research by Downey and Feldman is that rejection sensitivity
A) predicted outcomes after controlling for other personality variables.
B) did not predict outcomes after controlling for other personality variables. C) did not predict outcomes at all.
D) was unrelated to other personality variables.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
2.
Research based on the KAPA model of personality architecture is strongly
A) nomothetic. B) idiographic.
C) physiological.
D) evolutionary.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
3.
Research by Ayduk et al. demonstrates that people can control their emotions regarding interpersonal relationships by focusing on
A) hot aspects of the past experience. B) cool aspects of the past experience. C) their level of rejection sensitivity.
D) their internal feelings of anger.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
4.
Work by Downey and Feldman documents the impact of rejection sensitivity on
A) academic performance. B) neuroticism.
C) relationship outcomes.
D) schizophrenia.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
5.
Asian students who moved to North America were found to gradually display higher scores in
A) neuroticism. B) depression. C) extraversion. D) intelligence.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
6.
Research by Elder et al. on ill-temperedness finds that this personality variable
A) has different effects among women than men. B) has the same effects among women than men. C) has no effects among women or men.
D) does not occur in women or men.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
7.
It has been found that, among defensive pessimists
A) expectations for GPA strongly predict actual GPA.
B) academic self-discrepancies negatively influence performance. C) negativity of plans negatively predict performance.
D) all of the above.
E) none of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct E
Answer(s):
8.
A personality style involving anxious expectations of rejection is called
A) neuroticism.
B) bad relationship style. C) rejection sensitivity.
D) emotional instability.
E) a and d.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
9.
In recent years, personality psychologists have focused on personality factors in
A) laboratory settings.
B) stimulus-response situations. C) psychoanalytic encounters. D) close relationships.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
10.
Rejection sensitivity involves primarily
A) anxious expectations. B) learning goals.
C) self-guides.
D) unconscious motives.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
11.
Research indicates that older adults show very high levels of
A) anxiety.
B) depression. C) extraversion. D) resilience.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
12.
Academic optimists and defensive pessimists differ in their
A) levels of academic achievement. B) strategies for achievement.
C) expectations for college graduation.
D) ability to make friends.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
13.
The effects of strategies such as optimism and defensive pessimism are most apparent
A) during periods of relaxation. B) during life transitions.
C) during middle adulthood.
D) during later adulthood.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
14.
Research on personality development shows that the effects of impulsivity
A) are basically good.
B) are bad no matter where you live.
C) are worse if you live in high SES neighborhoods.
D) are worse if you live in low SES neighborhoods.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
15.
Research on day-to-day interactions by Gable, Reis, and Downey finds that
A) the only important factor in interpersonal relationships is physical attraction.
B) inaccurate interpretations of a relationships partner influence the quality of relationships. C) people are basically accurate in their perceptions of relationship partners.
D) personality has surprisingly little impact on interpersonal relationships.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
16.
The relationships of people high in rejection sensitivity are relatively more likely to
A) break up.
B) last a lifetime.
C) be filled with achievement. D) be filled with happiness.
E) c and d.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
17.
Research by Elder et al. on ill-temperedness stresses the importance of
A) evolution.
B) television influences on personality.
C) early-childhood conflicts.
D) sociohistorical context.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
18.
Having feelings towards someone that are based on experiences from someone else in your past is called
A) transference
B) rejection sensitivity
C) self-verification
D) self-enhancement
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
19.
Socioemotional selectivity theory suggest that awareness of is important to development.
A) one’s life span
B) one’s social group
C) one’s nation of origin
D) one’s parental influences
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
20.
Andersen’s research on transference is based on a(n) strategy.
A) case study
B) experimental
C) correlational
D) none of the above
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
21.
People in India have been found to be less likely to attribute causes of actions to
A) personality characteristics. B) situations.
C) chance.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
22.
The quote from Clifford Geertz suggests that
A) personality influences culture. B) culture influences personality.
C) culture is unimportant to personality.
D) there is no such thing as human nature without culture.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
23.
Research by Ayduk et al. demonstrates the importance of
A) goals.
B) schemas.
C) attentional focus. D) expectations.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
24.
Research based on the KAPA model of personality architecture reveals personality consistency across
A) idiosyncratic sets of situations.
B) fixed, nomothetically-defined sets of situations. C) pleasant situations.
D) unpleasant situations.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
25.
People who employ selection and optimization strategies
A) become confused from all the psychological work involved. B) are more depressed.
C) subsequently become more depressed.
D) experience greater well-being.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
1.
Intrapersonal processes includes
A) Communication between people. B) The emotions that we experience. C) Conflicts between family members. D) All of these.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
2.
Conscious, rather than unconcious processes, strongly come into play when people
A) experience emotions. B) have sexual desires.
C) contemplate important life decisions.
D) store information in memory.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
3.
The text suggests that
A) theory is irrelevant to the study of personality.
B) theory is fundamental to the study of personality. C) true discovery comes without theory.
D) there is agreement in the field concerning the role of theory in research.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
4.
A critical question for personality theory concerns
A) whether the past or future is more important.
B) how to conceptualize the role of the past and future. C) whether the past can influence the present.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
5.
In its description of the “toolkit” metaphor, the textbook notes that the idea that a theory could be wrong makes little sense. Instead, in evaluating theories, we might be better off asking how they are.
A) Conceptual
B) Useful
C) Psychoanalytic
D) Theoretical
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
6.
The concept of the unconscious relates to
A) the methods we use for personality assessment. B) whether we use the concept of self.
C) whether we accept an energy model.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
7.
According to the “toolkit” metaphor, what are some of the jobs a personality psychologist might want to accomplish?
A) Describe individual differences. B) Identify basic human motivations.
C) Explain the development of a self-concept.
D) Predict performance in work settings. E) All of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct E
Answer(s):
8.
Which of the following has been a traditional reason for emphasis on the concept of self?
A) Self-awareness is an important phenomenological experience. B) How we feel about ourselves seems to influence our behavior.
C) The concept of self expresses the organized, integrated aspects of human
personality.
D) All of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
9.
The concept of reaction range suggests that the following set limits on personality development
A) parents. B) genes. C) cultures.
D) social class.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
10.
Which of the following is emphasized as playing a major role in the development of personality?
A) genetic factors.
B) family environment. C) cultural factors.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
11.
It is most important that a theory be
A) useful. B) true.
C) consistent with past theories.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
12.
Evidence of the importance of the common (shared) family environment is found in studies of
A) temperament. B) intelligence. C) career choice.
D) romantic relationships.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
13.
How many total points are available in this class?
A) 1000
B) 500
C) 300
D) 100
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
14.
Internal states of tension that activate action are called
A) traits. B) goals. C) drives. D) beliefs .
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
15.
Some possible contributions of theory are to
A) sharpen research objectives.
B) make research more organized.
C) organize what is known.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
16.
According to the “toolkit” metaphor, on what basis should we evaluate theories of personality?
A) According to whether they’re correct most of the time; for instance, of 100 empirical studies that use the theory to explain a phenomenon, more than half should “work.”
B) According to what they can accomplish with them, to what advantages they have over other theories, and to what “tools” could be added or subtracted to make them better.
C) According to how long they’ve been around, to how many times they’ve been used to explain phenomena, and to how many textbooks in which they appear.
D) According to whether they have “intuitive appeal” – that is, some theories make so much sense when one hears about them, that even in the absence of data, one can sense their value.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct B
Answer(s):
17.
How many Center for Civic Engagement hours are required in this class?
A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 20
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
18.
A “system”
A) has many parts
B) has interconnections among its parts
C) displays behavior that reflects its overall organization
D) all of the above
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
19.
The personality concept that refers to individual consistency and approximates the lay person’s concepts to describe people is
A) response. B) habit.
C) trait.
D) motive.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
20.
“Why” type questions are those that address
A) the determinants of personality. B) structural factors.
C) organization of characteristics.
D) motivational characteristics.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
21.
Concepts such as trait and type fall into which of the following areas?
A) structure. B) process.
C) growth and development.
D) psychopathology.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
22.
Which of the following are emphasized as central to the study of personality?
A) individual differences and consistent patterns of functioning.
B) individual differences and the operation of conscious processes.
C) patterns of organization and the operation of conscious processes. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct A
Answer(s):
23.
The text emphasizes that the study of psychopathology is important to consider when studying personality because
A) many personality theorists also were therapists treating pathology.
B) the ability to foster clinical improvement is an important “bottom line” for evaluating a personality theory.
C) some sort of theory of personality often is required to solve practical problems. D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
24.
Parents influence their children’s behavior by
A) selectively rewarding behaviors. B) serving as role models.
C) eliciting specific behaviors by presenting situations to them.
D) all of the above.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
25.
“Units of analysis” refer to
A) the basic variables of a given theory.
B) the original source of data for a given theory.
C) the research methods employed most frequently in a given theory. D) the theoretical assumptions of a given theorist.
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct Answer(s): A
1.
The study of an Algerian man named Ali, conducted by the psychologist Hubert
Hermans, discussed in the text, is an example of:
A) correlational research B) experimental research C) a case study
D) none of the above
Points Earned: 0.0/1.
0
Correct C
Answer(s):
2.
If a psychologist believed that people’s behavior is shaped largely by thoughts over which they have little control, that psychologist’s target for assessment would most likely be:
A) average behavior
B) variability in behavior
C) conscious thought
D) unconscious mental events
Points Earned: 1.0/1.
0
Correct D
Answer(s):
3.
The study of an Algerian man named Ali, conducted by the psychologist Hubert
Hermans, discussed in the text, was designed to
